10.1 Structure and Nomenclature 1. Nomencature of alcohos A hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon atom CHOH CHaCHOH CH3CHOHCH3 (CH3)3COH Methanol Ethanol 2-Propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol (methyl alcohol)(ethyl alcohol (Isopropyl alcohol(tert-butyl alcohol) a1 alcohol-级醇a20 alcohol二级醇a3 alcohol三级醇 321 CH2OH H2C=CHCH2OH HC=CCH2OH B envi alcoho 2-Propenol 2-Propynol 苄基醇 (ally alcohol) 2丙炔醇 2丙烯醇0r 烯丙醇
10.1 Structure and Nomenclature 1. Nomencature of alcohols CH3OH Methanol (methyl alcohol) CH3CH2OH Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) a 1 o alcohol 一 级 醇 CH3CHOHCH3 2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol) a 2 o alcohol 二级醇 (CH3 ) 3COH 2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-butyl alcohol) a 3 o alcohol三 级 醇 A hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon atom CH2OH Benzyl alcohol 苄 基 醇 H2 C CHCH2OH 3 2 1 2-Propenol (ally alcohol) 2-丙 烯 醇 or 烯 丙 醇 HC CCH2OH 2-Propynol 2-丙 炔 醇 3 2 1
54321 54321 CHrCHCHbCHCHbOH H,C=CHCH2CHCH3 CH CH 3 OH 2, 4-Dimethyl-1-pentanol 4-Penten-2-oI 2,4-二甲基-1-戊醇 4戊烯-2-醇 12345 CH? CHCH2CHCH 3 OH CsH 5 4-Phenyl-2-pentanol 4苯基-2-戊醇
CH3 CHCH2 CHCH3 4-Phenyl-2-pentanol 4-苯 基 -2-戊 醇 OH C6 H5 1 2 3 4 5 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentanol 2， 4-二 甲 基 -1-戊 醇 H2 C CHCH2 CHCH3 4-Penten-2-ol 4-戊 烯 -2-醇 CH3 CHCH2 CHCH2 OH CH3 CH3 5 4 3 2 1 OH 5 4 3 2 1
2 Nomenclature of ether CH3CH2OCH2 CH3 CH2=CHCH,OCH3 CH2=CHOCH2=CH2 Diethyl ether Allyl methyl ether Divinyl ether 乙醚 烯丙基甲醚 乙烯基醚 CH3O CH3 CH20 CH 2 Methyl phenyl ether 1-Ethoxy-4-methyl benzene 苯甲醚 1-乙氧基-4-甲基苯
2. Nomenclature of ether CH3 CH2 OCH2 CH3 CH2 =CHCH2 OCH3 CH2 =CHOCH2 =CH2 Diethyl ether 乙 醚 Allyl methyl ether 烯 丙 基 甲 醚 Divinyl ether 乙 烯 基 醚 CH3O CH3 CH2O CH3 1 2 3 4 Methyl phenyl ether 苯 甲 醚 1-Ethoxy-4- methyl benzene 1-乙 氧 基 -4-甲 基 苯
CHrcHCHCHCH C6HsOC(CH3)3 CH3OCH,,OCH3 OCH3 tert-Butyl phenyl ether 2-Methoxypentane 1, 2-Dimethoxyethane 叔-丁基苯醚 2-甲氧基戊烷 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷 Tetrahydrofuran 1. 4-Dioxane (oxacyclopentane) (1, 4-dioxacyclohexane) 四氢呋喃THF 1,4-二氧六环
C6 H5 OC(CH3 ) 3 CH3 CHCH2 CH2 CH3 OCH3 CH3 OCH2 CH2 OCH3 O O O tert-Butyl phenyl ether 叔 -丁 基 苯 醚 2-Methoxypentane 2-甲 氧 基 戊 烷 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 1， 2-二 甲 氧 基 乙 烷 Tetrahydrofuran (oxacyclopentane) 四 氢 呋 喃 THF 1,4-Dioxane (1,4-dioxacyclohexane) 1,4-二 氧 六 环
10.2 Physical properties of alcohols and ethers Alcohols have much higher boiling points than comparable ether or 8+hydrocarbons. R R R Hydrogen bonding between No hydrogen bonding molecules of an alcohols CHrCHOH CH3OCH3 bp.78°C bp.-25°C
10.2 Physical properties of alcohols and ethers Alcohols have much higher boiling points than comparable ether or hydrocarbons. R :O: H H O R − + − Hydrogen bonding between molecules of an alcohols R O R R O R No hydrogen bonding CH3 CH2 OH bp. 78 o C CH3 OCH3 bp. -25 o C
10.3 Important alcohols and ethers 10.3a Methanol choh 300-400° CO+2H2—CH3OH 200-300atm Zno-Cr,o Methanol is highly toxic Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol can cause blindness; large quantities cause death. Methanol poisoning can also occur by inhalation of the vapors or by prolonged exposure to
10.3 Important alcohols and ethers Methanol is highly toxic. Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol can cause blindness; large quantities cause death. Methanol poisoning can also occur by inhalation of the vapors or by prolonged exposure to the skin. 10.3A Methanol CH3OH CO + 2 H2 300-400 o C 200-300atm ZnO-Cr2O3 CH3OH
10.3b Ethanol Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of sugars YEast酵母 CH12O一 CH3CH2OH CO2 Sugar 95号 Ethanol CH2=Ch, +H,o CH3CHDOH acid Ethanol
10.3B Ethanol Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of sugars Yeast C6H12O6 CH3 CH2OH + CO2 Sugar Ethanol 酵 母 95% CH2 =CH2 CH3 CH2 OH Ethanol + H2 O H + acid
10.3C Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol(HOCH2CH2 OH)has a low molecular weight and a high boiling point is miscible with water. It is an ideal automobile antifreeze hO HOCH,CH,OH acid ethylene glycol
10.3C Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) has a low molecular weight and a highboiling point is miscible with water. It is an ideal automobile antifreeze. HOCH2 CH2 OH Ethylene glycol + H2 O H + O acid
10.3D Diethyl Ether Diethyl ether is a very low-boiling, highly flammable liquid care should always be taken when diethyl ether is used in the laboratory, because open flames or sparks from light switches can cause explosive combustion of mixtures of diethyl ether and CHrChOCHbCh3 CH,OCHCH2 You have to add autoxidation Feso, to remove a hydroperoxide a hydroperoxide explosive
10.3D Diethyl Ether Diethyl ether is a very low-boiling, highly flammable liquid. Care should always be taken when diethyl ether is used in the laboratory, because open flames or sparks from light switches can cause explosive combustion of mixtures of diethyl ether and air. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 O2 CH3CH2OCHCH3 O OH explosive a hydroperoxide autoxidation You have to add FeSO4 to remove a hydroperoxide
10.4 Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes 10.4A Hydration of alkenes H +H20一 H OH H2PO4 OH or H2So4
10.4 Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes 10.4A Hydration of alkenes + H2 O H + H OH + H2O H2 PO4 OH or H2 SO4