Complete the block diagrams for the following features. Be sure to include the appropriate map symbols on your drawings. Inclined anticline with hinge surface

内容提要： • 破裂的发生和断层的形成 • 断层形成的应力状态 • Anderson model

学会编制、分析节理等密图的方法

一、名词解释（20 分，每小题 2 分） 1. 递进变形：从初始状态至最终状态之间，岩石变形的全过程，用于理解和描述变形 过程（演化）。）

The change in volume or shape of an object that results from stress is called strain. The response of rocks to stress can be divided into - elastic response: rock returns to original shape - ductile or plastic response: permanent deformation without fracture; occurs above the so-called elastic limit

Brittle deformation = the permanent change that occurs in a solid material due to the growth of fractures and/or sliding on fractures. A fracture is a surface of discontinuity (includes cracks, joints and faults). Faults result from shear stresses, and joints result from tensile stresses:

what you always wanted to know about folds, faults, and joints Stress = the force applied to a plane divided by the area of the plane

Tectonic Earthquakes Most earthquakes occur at plate margins due to tension, compression or shearing forces. Rocks at plate margins are in constant motion and are being pushed, pulled, bent, twisted and folded

Corresponding author. E-mail address: ring@mail.uni-mainz.de (U. Ring) 1 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Becherweg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA January

《构造地质学》（英文版）2001entrance-a