A. Historical background B. Phenotypes in populations C.Genes in populations D.Mapping disease genes E. Complex disorders

复旦大学：《医学遗传学 Medical Genetics》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）Single gene disorder_Alexander Endler

1. Indications for prenatal diagnosis 2. Methods for obtaining fetal tissues for prenatal diagnosis 3. Analytical methods 4. New methods for prenatal diagnosis

A.The human genome and its chromosomes B. The origin of chromosome abnormalities C. Chromosome disorders

◼ Introduction of the basic concepts 2. What Causes Cancer? ◼ Genetic underpinnings of cancer ◼ Three types of Cancer Critical Genes ◼ Cancer initiation and progression 3. How to Prevent and Diagnose Cancer? ◼ Utilization the knowledge we learned from cancer genetics Outline

A. Historical Background B. Patterns of inheritance C. Genetic mutations D. Prenatal diagnosis

复旦大学：《医学遗传学 Medical Genetics》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）Chromosome related diseases and Chromosomal disorders Alexander Endler

1. General 2. oncogene 3. Tumor Suppressor Genes 4. Multi-stage Carcinogenesis

Medical Genetics Mutations (changes) in the mitochondrial chromosome are responsible for a number of disorders

肾小球可分为血管球与肾小囊部分。血管球起自入球动脉,形成20~40个 毛细血管绊,终于出球小动脉 肾小球毛细血管壁为滤过膜,由以下结构构成: