451．Cardiac contractility is influcenced by（ ）：（记忆，难） Ａ preload Ｂ afterload Ｃ heart rate Ｄ cardiac rhythm Ｅ all above is correct

Summarization Definition: serum total bilirubin(STB)> 34umol/L. causing a yellow color of skin. sclera and tissue fluid Latent icterus: an increase of stb but not more than 34umol/L, without color changes of skin and sclera

Diagnosis of cardiac and respiratory arrest Traditional methods : 1. Carotid pulse check by lay rescuers 2. Loss of consciousness 3. Pupil dilation 4. Respiratory arrest

一、概述 二、历史源流 三、范围 四、诊断要点 五、辨证论治

Contents Normal anatomy,physiology and metabolism of the kidney Clinical manifestation of renal disease Diagnosis and treatment

Water and Sodium Metabolism Control of water excretion Control of sodium excretion Hyponatremia and hypernatremia

Classification Prerenal ARF Intrinsic renal ARF Postrenal ARF

Anemia of increased destruction Normochromic, normochromic anemia Shortened RBC survival Reticulocytosis--Response to increased RBC destruction Increased indirect bilirubin Increased LDH

Chronic Renal Insufficiency Pathogen and pathogenesis Manifestation Laboratory examination Diagnosis and differential diagnosis Treatment

Definition Absent iron-store hemoglobin synthesis↓ A microcytic and hypochromic anemia The most common nutritional anemia