There will be a brief review of chapters 7 ñ 11 at the end of this lecture. There will be no lecture on Tuesday, November 13, 2001 (Reading Days)

Brittle deformation = the permanent change that occurs in a solid material due to the growth of fractures and/or sliding on fractures. A fracture is a surface of discontinuity (includes cracks, joints and faults). Faults result from shear stresses, and joints result from tensile stresses:

what you always wanted to know about folds, faults, and joints Stress = the force applied to a plane divided by the area of the plane

The change in volume or shape of an object that results from stress is called strain. The response of rocks to stress can be divided into - elastic response: rock returns to original shape - ductile or plastic response: permanent deformation without fracture; occurs above the so-called elastic limit

一、名词解释（20 分，每小题 2 分） 1. 递进变形；2. 枢纽；3. 张节理；4. 地垒与地堑；5. 水平断距； 6. 飞来峰和构造窗；7. 叶理；8. 流线；9. 韧性剪切带；10. 应变

一、名词解释（20 分，每小题 2 分） 1. 递进变形：从初始状态至最终状态之间，岩石变形的全过程，用于理解和描述变形 过程（演化）。）

一、填空(每空1分,计30分) 1、根据莫霍面和古滕堡面两个界面,地球内部分为 和 三个一级圈

一、解释下列术语： 1. 双重构造；2. 有效应力；3. 铲状断层；4. 花状构造；5. 石香肠构造与窗棂构造

一、煤层厚度变化对煤矿生产的影响: 1.影响采掘部署 2.影响计划生产 3.掘进率增高 4.回采率降低

1断层的几何要素和位移 一、断层的几何要素