Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 ＊Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) ＊ Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911

Constructivism are based on the idea that, unlike a computer disk or an empty container, students do not wait passively to be filled up with knowledge. Rather, students actively build, or construct, their own knowledge.Teachers cannot entirely control their students’ learning, expert teachers can do much to facilitate students’ own active learning processes

食品加工者能传播致病性微生物 事实上 人类是食品污染的主要来源 经常通过手 呼吸 头发和汗液污染食品 不留神时咳嗽和打喷嚏也能传播致病性微生物 工人清除身体 和动物排泄物的过程也容易导致食品受致病性微生物的污染 食品工业越来越关注雇员的教育和培训 强调管理者和工人应熟悉食品保护原理

资源植物学: 是通过研究植物的细胞、组织、营 养器官和繁殖器官的形态、结构和生理功能；认识植 物界各大类群及其相互间的亲缘关系和系统发育规律 以及植物分类的基本原则和原理；掌握经济植物的性 质、鉴定、用途和分布的科学

一、植物资源与资源植物 植物资源：是对人类有用的植物的总称。 资源植物：是指某种或一类具有开发利用价值 的植物。经济植物是资源 植物中最常见的一类

1、原生质：是植物细胞内复杂的有机物和无 机物的总和。由于组成原生质的各种物质能形成一 定的构相，将这些有形的和无形的构相组成的结构 叫－－原生质体；由原生质体和细胞壁构成植物细 胞