Introduction The purpose of this lecture is to help you familiarize with the workings of sequential equi- librium and \sequential equilibrium lite, i.e. perfect Bayesian equilibrium. The main focus is the \reputation\ result of Kreps and Wilson(1982). You should refer to OR for details and definitions: I am following the textbook quite closely. of the game in which an incumbent faces a sequence of K (potential) entrants. It is clear that, in the subgame in which the last entrant gets a chance to play, the incumbent will

Introduction Nash equilibrium has undoubtedly proved to be the most influential idea in game theory. enabled fundamental breakthroughs in economics and the social sciences. Its development was a major intellectual achievement; what is perhaps more important, it Recent foundational research has emphasized the subtleties in the interpretation of Nash

Introduction This lecture focuses on the interpretation of solution concepts for normal-form games. You will recall that, when we introduced Nash equilibrium and Rationalizability, we mentioned numerous reasons why these solution concepts could be regarded as yielding plausible restric- tions on rational play, or perhaps providing a consistency check for our predictions about

Introduction This lecture, as well as the next, exemplify applications of the framework and techniques developed so far to problems of economic interest. Neither lecture attempts to cover the example applications in any generality, of course; you may however find these topics of sufficient interest to warrant further study Auction theory is generally indicated as one of the \success stories\of game theory There is no doubt that the game-theoretic analysis of auctions has informed design decisions

Introduction One of the merits of the notion of sequential equilibrium is the emphasis on out-of- equilibrium beliefs-that is, on beliefs (about past and future play)at information sets that should not be reached if given equilibrium is played. The key insight of extensive-form analysis is that out-of-equilibrium beliefs deter

Scope of this lecture Root functions: for plant, soil and ecosystem Root structure and pathways for uptake of nutrients the symplast and apoplast Root architecture(结构) and morphology(形态) Responses of roots and root systems to environmental stress Root hairs and their functions Introduction to combined strategies for efficient

一、前言 Introduction 1 生物多样性及其起源与研究层次? 2 世界生物多样性现状? 3 中国的生物多样性? 二、遗传多样性 Genetic diversity 三、物种多样性 Species diversity 四、生态系统多样性 Ecosystem diversity

概述(Introduction) 化工生产的传热问题 化工生产需要大规模地改变物质的化学性质和物理性质,而 这些性质的变化都涉及热能的传递。 化学反应:向反应器提供热量或从反应器移走热量; 蒸发、蒸馏、干燥:按一定的速率向这些设备输入热量; 高温或低温设备:隔热保温,减少热损失; 热能的合理利用和废热回收

概述(Introduction) 液-液萃取的基本原理 在液体混合物中加入与其不完全混溶的液体溶剂(萃取剂),形 成液-液两相,利用液体混合物中各组分在两液相中溶解度的差异 而达到分离的目的

概述(Introduction) 蒸馏分离操作:利用液体混合物中各组分(component) 挥发性(volatility)的差异,以热能为媒介使其部分汽化, 从而在汽相富集轻组分,液相富集重组分,使液体混合物得 以分离的方法