insolubility. Administration of cystamine, a transglutaminase inhibitor, reduces the To date, 10 neurological diseases, including aggregate formation, retarding the Huntington's and several ataxias, are caused development of neurological phenotype and by the lengthening of glutamine(@) tracts in prolonging the life span of brain cells in various proteins with no obvious functional or transgenic mouse models

Figure 2 in Muratani M, Tansey WP. \How the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls transcription.\ Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Mar; 4(3): 192-201. Regulation of TCR by ubiquitylation of RNA polymerase II. Transcription-coupled repair (TCR)is the mechanism through which mutations in actively transcribed genes are preferentially repaired. a Elongating RNA polymerase II (pol II)

Images removed due to copyright considerations. See the following: Figure 1 and Table 1 in Reed SI. 2003. Ratchets and clocks: The cell cycle nover ubiquitylation and protein turnover. Nat Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4: 855-864. Figure 1 in Bartek J, Lukas J. Mammalian G1-and S-phase checkpoints in response to DNA damage. Curr Opin Cell

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is the herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with a number of cancers, particularly lymphomas in immunosuppressed persons including persons with AIDS EBV is a ubiquitous virus, so common that it has been difficult to determine whether it is the cause of certain diseases or whether it is simply there as an artifact

在本节，我们将讨论哥斯达黎加临床研究学院- ICIC。ICIC 指哥斯达黎加临床研究学院 的缩写，在 1991 年成立，为私营研究中心。那是我们已经认识到了在本课程的前半部分谈 到的数字，我们也很关心拉丁美洲在开发新药和人类疾病的新疗法上贡献很小的问题。 我们是从很小的运作开始的，一开始只有三个人。现在，在经过了 10 年以后，我们有 了很大的发展。我们现在有 60 个全职进行临床研究的人员，我们有 120 多名参加各种临床 试验的研究者

Images removed due to copyright considerations See Fig. 2 in David J. Katzmann, Greg Odorizzi Scott D. Emr RECEPTOR DOWNREGULATION AND MULTIVESICULAR-BODY SORTING Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3, 893-905(2002); doi: 10.1038/nrm973 See Fig. 7 in: Katzmann DJ, Stefan CJ, Babst M, Emr SD

12.1：染色体结构变异及遗传学效应 12.2：染色体数目变异 12.3：染色体畸变在基因定位中的应用 12.4：染色体畸变与人类疾病 12.5：染色体变异在生物进化中的作用

肌红蛋白的结构与功能 血红蛋白的结构、功能及镰刀形贫血病 蛋白质结构与功能的关系及其研究方法 血红蛋白分子病 Molecular Disease of Hemoglobin 免疫体系分子的识别机制 足迹法研究DNA结合蛋白的结合位点 DNA Foot Printing 蛋白水解酶与人类疾病 甲型流感病毒与艾滋病毒 膜蛋白、受体与信号转导 转基因动物 Transgenic Animals

DISCOVERy OF THE ROLE OF UBIQUITIN IN PROTEIN DEGRADATION HISTORICAL FACTS Courtesy of Sam Griffiths-Jones. Used with permission Source: \Peptide models for protein beta-sheets hD thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001 8(1975)Ubiquitin was first isolated by Gideon Goldstein and colleagues from the thymus(reason why it was originally thought to be a thymic hormone)

教学要求：掌握线粒体、叶绿体的结构及主要功能。线粒体、叶绿体的半自主性细胞器特点，及其增开起源。 教学内容： 第一节 线粒体与氧化磷酸化 一、 线粒体的形态结构 二、 线粒体的化学组成及酶的定位 三、 线粒体的功能 四、 线粒体与人类疾病 第二节 叶绿体与光合作用 一、 叶绿体的形状、大小和数目 二、 叶绿体的结构和化学组成 三、 叶绿体的主要功能——光合作用 第三节 线粒体和叶绿体是半自主性细胞器 一、 线粒体和叶绿体的DNA 二、 线粒体和叶绿体的蛋白质合成 三、 线粒体和叶绿体蛋白质运输与装配 第四节 线粒体和叶绿体的增殖与起源 一、 线粒体和叶绿体的增殖 二、 线粒体和叶绿体的起源