5.1 Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959) Born in Newton,Massachusetts. Received his B.S.degree fromthe Mass.institutes of Technology inelectrochemistry in 1911

5.1 About GestaltPsychology The founder ofGestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer(1880-1943)

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

4.3.1 Burrhus FredericSkinner:1904-1990 Born in Susquehanna,Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degreein Hamilton College in New York, majored in Englishliterature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by RobertFrost)

4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 ＊Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) ＊ Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

3.1 A brief history of western E.P. The foundation of E.P.: before 1920s Wundt,1879: methodology James, “Talks to the teachers” 1899; “The principles of psychology”1890; Dewey: apply psychology to education

References Some journals in English: 1.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition. American Psychology Association(APA) 2.Journal of Educational Psychology,APA 3. Contemporary Educational PsychologyAPA 4. Educational Psychologist.APA

The educator’s job is not increase motivation per se(本身）but to discover, initiate, and sustain student’s motivation to learn, and to engage in activities that lead to learning

一、现实与对策 二、释“学” 三、释“教育” 四、高等教育