Used for analyzing network performance In packet networks, events are random Random packet arrivals Random packet lengths While at the physical layer we were concerned with bit-error-rate, at the network layer we care about delays How long does a packet spend waiting in buffers?

Modulation Representing digital signals as analog waveforms Baseband signals Signals whose frequency components are concentrated around zero Passband signals Signals whose frequency components are centered at some frequency fc away from zero Baseband signals can be converted to passband signals through modulation Multiplication by a sinusoid with frequency fc Eytan Modiano

Channel Coding When transmitting over a noisy channel, some of the bits are received with errors Example: Binary Symmetric Channel (BSc) Pe= probability oferror Q: How can these errors be removed? A: Coding: the addition of redundant bits that help us determine what was sent with greater accuracy

Source coding Source Encode Channel Alphabet alphabet Source symbols Letters of alphabet, ASClI symbols, English

Sampling Given a continuous time waveform, can we represent it using discrete samples? How often should we sample? Can we reproduce the original waveform?

Administrative matters Instructors: Eytan Modiano Meeting times: Tuesdays and Thursdays Text: Communications Systems engineering Proakis and salehi Grading 10% weekly Homework Assignments 30% each of 3 exams Final exam during final exam period

What is virtue Virtue is goodness(善良) Virtue is fine qualit!y(优良品质 Virtue is love for truth(热爱真理) Virtue is lofty character(崇高的人格) Virtue is noble behavior(高尚的行为) Virtue is beauty of mind(美丽的心灵) Virtue is sharing others' pain.(分担他人痛苦)

集美大学：《动物保护学》课程教学资源（PPT课件）（二）日本七鳃鳗

二十世纪就要结束了,在人类即将跨入新的千年之际, 地球上的野生物种却陷入全面的危机。据国际自然与 自然资源保护联盟(IUCN)最近公布的全球物种受危 状况,濒临灭绝危险的野生动植物共10954种。仅动物 界中,全球鱼类的三分之一、哺乳类的、鸟类的及爬 行类的四分之一,都已高度濒危。IUCN在2000年的红 皮书中,被重新划定级别的17种动物物种中,包括了 中国的藏羚羊,它是从易危级(V灭绝几率较高),上升 为濒危级(EN灭绝几率很高)的,如果再度升级,进入 极危级(CR野外随时灭绝的几率极高),那便离最后的

不管采取什么办法,人类越来越明白这样一个道 理:保护动物就是保护自己。 正如一位学者所说,保护珍稀动物不仅限于增加 它的数量,其意义在于保护它所代表的整个生态 系统,生态系统保护下来,水土资源也就保护下 来,我们的未来也就得到了保护