1.12A The Structure of Methane sp3 Hybridization The 4 sp3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other. An sp3-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent C—H bonds

More environment-friendly methods Natural insect attractants — instead pesticide Less reactive compounds organic refrigerants and aerosol propellant — instead Freon (that destroy the Earth’s ozone layer) Cars with more efficient combustion engines — reduce the massive amount of automobile

Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. When an ester with an alpha hydrogen is treated with one equivalent of a base such as sodium ethoxide, a reversible condensation reaction occurs to yield a β−keto ester product. This reaction between two ester components is known as the Claisen condensation reaction

一、植物的起源 二、植物营养体的演化 1、藻类植物的植物体演化(看前述) 2、高等植物的营养体的演化 叶状体→拟茎叶体→有机茎的分化

1.有一无色液体化合物，分子式为 ， 它与溴的四氯化碳溶液反应，溴的棕黄色消失。 该化合物的核磁共振谱中，只有δ＝1.6 ppm 处 有一个单峰，写出该化合物的构造式

一、写出下列反应的产物： 二、苯乙酮和氯乙酸乙酯，在氨基钠的作用下，生成一化合物(A) C12H14O3，用盐酸水溶液酸化(B)，并适当加热，最后得到一

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction

10.7 The Geometry of Alkyl Radicals 10.8 Reactions That Generate Tetrahedral Stereocenters 10.9 Radical Addition to Alkenes: TheAnti-Markovnikov Addition ofHydrogen Bromide

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain two double bonds is called an alkadiene(alkatriene for three double bonds); A hydrocarbon with two triple bonds is called an alkadiyne; A hydrocarbon with a double and triple bond is called an alkenyne