Chapter Electronic Payment systems 10.1 Traditional Electronic Payment Systems for Electronic Commerce In electronic commerce, the challenges of payment transactions were initially underestimated Business via the internet and mobile telephony has so far been dominated by the methods of payment customary in traditional business. However, in light of technological progress

2.1 The postulate In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell proposed one of the most successful theories in the history of science. In a famous memoir to the Royal Society [125] he presented nine equations summarizing all known laws on electricity and magnetism. This was more than a mere cataloging of the laws of nature. By postulating the need for an additional term to make the set of equations self-consistent

Learning strategies are specific methods of learning information that help them learn and remember things. The four commonly observed trends in the development of learning strategies (1)rehearsal increases during the elementary school years. It is rare in kindergarten children but increases in frequency and effectiveness throughout the elementary school years

4.3.1 Burrhus FredericSkinner:1904-1990 Born in Susquehanna,Pennsylvania. Received bachelor’s degreein Hamilton College in New York, majored in Englishliterature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by RobertFrost)

4.1 Thorndike’s Connectionism 4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndike:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University. 1895-1897,studied psychology in Harvard Unviversity.(James) 1897-1898, studied in Columbia University, and got his PH.D.(Kattel) 1912, became Chairman of APA

Axiom Schemata for F Axiom Schema 1 A ∨ A ⊃ A Axiom Schema 2 A ⊃ (B ∨ A) Axiom Schema 3 A ⊃ B ⊃ (C ∨ A ⊃ (B ∨ C)) Axiom Schema 4 ∀xA ⊃ Sxt A where t is a term free for the individual variable x in A Axiom Schema 5 ∀x(A ∨ B) ⊃ (A ∨ ∀xB) provided that x is not free in A

We are going to consider the forces exerted on a material. These can be external or internal. External forces come in two flavors: body forces(given per unit mass or volume) and surface forces(given per unit area). If we cut a body of material in equilibrium under a set of external forces along a plane as shown in fig. 1. and consider one side of it we draw two conclusions: 1 the equilibrium provided by the loads from the side taken out is provided by a set of forces that are distributed among the material particles adjacent to

Lead-in The news that a sheep in Scotland has been successfully cloned 1) got me wondering What good would it be to clone humans? What would I do with a clone of myself? Then 2) it hit me that I could have my clone go into work for me while went out hiking, biking, sking,etc.! really could be in two places at once

1. When you can measure what you are speaking about, and can express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowleage is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind: It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science. Lord Kelvin, a physicist

1. Define - in their own words a definition for linking in a sentence. It is a revision and therefore, easy for most of the students; 2. Compare – based on the understanding of the basic concept, compare different types of linking in connected speech;