1. Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells; 2. The structural and functional relationship between the ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells; 3. The pathways of proteins targeting and sorting, and its mechanisms; 4. The ways of protein modifications and intracellular sites after they are synthesized; 5. Types of vesicle transport and their functions

Cell signaling can affect virtually every aspect of cell structure and function: Activation of enzyme activity;  Change in cytoskeletal organization;  Change in ion permeability;  Initiation of DNA synthesis;  Activation or repression of gene expression

(1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. (2) Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chl. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation→ ATP Chl: Photosynthesis→ ATP+NADPH→ Sugar

1. Principles of membrane transport; 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins: Carriers and Channels; 4. The ion transport systems; 5. Endocytosis and Phagocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and particles

13.1 癌细胞的基本知识 13.2 肿瘤发展的阶段 13.3 肿瘤发生遗传学 13.4 肿瘤的表观遗传学改变 13.5 癌细胞中基因表达谱的异常改变 13.6 肿瘤诊断与检测 13.7 肿瘤治疗

番茄与马铃薯同属茄科植物，但不是同属的 植物。番茄的果实和马铃薯的块茎是我们经 常食用的蔬菜。马铃薯的块茎生长在土壤中。 人们曾经有这样一个幻想：让一株植株地 上部分结番茄，地下部分长土豆。这个幻想 可能实现吗？

1. What is the purpose of glycosylation? Not only membrane glycolipids but nearly all of the proteins produced on membrane-bound ribosomes -integral membrane proteins, soluble enzymes in the lumens of EMS organelles and secretory proteins include parts of ECM- become glycoproteins

一、细胞生物学是现代生命科学的重要基础学科 二、细胞生物学的主要研究内容 三、当前细胞生物学研究的总趋势与重点领域

显微镜是观察细胞的主要工具。 根据光源不同，可分为光学显微镜和电子显微镜两大类。前者以可见光（紫外线显微镜以紫外光）为光源，后者则以电子束为光源

第一节 核被膜与核孔复合体 第二节 染色质 第三节 染色体 第四节 核仁 第五节 染色质结构和基因转录 第六节 核基质与核体