一、和田玉(软玉 Nephrite) （一)概述 1、定义 软玉的英文名是 Nephrite,有时也用Jade。中文名称 软玉或和田玉。根据现代理解,软玉是在地质作用过 程中形成的、达到玉级的透闪石和/或阳起石矿物集合 体。这个定义中强调了软玉是在地质作用过程中形成 的,也就是天然的;强调了是达到玉级的透闪石和阳 起石矿物集合体,与一般透闪石片岩和阳起石片岩以 及其它玉石相区别

Chapter Six Monopoly : Market Power 垄断：市场力 Chapter 7 Monopolistic Competition (垄断竞争市场) Chapter 8 Oligopoly (寡头市场) Chapter 9 Game Theory

Effects of a Price Change What happens when a commodity's price decreases? Substitution effect(替代效应):the commodity is relatively cheaper, so consumers substitute it for now relatively more expensive other commodities

Structure State contingent consumption(依情 形而定的消费) Preferences under uncertainty Attitudes toward risk State-contingent- budget constraint Choice under uncertainty Diversification and risk spreading

Structure Describe preferences Indifference curves(无差异曲线) Well- behaved preferences Marginal rate of substitution(边际替代率)

Max u=Inx,+x2 stp2x1+P2x2≤m, XI 由于x1,x2给消费者带来的是严格正的效用,所以预算约束必定取等号。我们可以通过 预算约束消掉一个变量

Contents Dominant strategy Nash equilibrium Prisoner's' dilemma and repeated games Multiple equilibria and sequential games Pure and mixed strategies

Structure Market equilibrium Quantity tax and equilibrium Tax incidence税收分担) Deadweight loss(额外净损失)

How Should a Monopoly Price? So far a monopoly has been thought of as a firm which has to sell its product at the same price to every customer. This is uniform pricing. Can price-discrimination-(差别定价 ) earn monopoly higher profits?

Structure Definition Consumption externality Production externality The tragedy of commons