信号与系统（英文版）_1 Signal and System

国际金融_Chapter 7 国际货币制度（International Monetary System）

汇率制度 汇率制度的类型 汇率制度( Exchange Rate Regime or Exchange Rate System),又称汇率安排( Exchange Rate Arrangement),是指 国货币当局对本国汇率变动的基本方式所作的一系列安排或规定 汇率制度制约着汇率水平的变动

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农业生态系统(agroecosystem) 是人类为满足社会需求,在一定边界内通过干预,利用生物与生物、生物与环境之间的能量和物质联系建立起来的功能整体。农业生态系统是一种被驯化了的生态系统,而生态系统又是生物与非生物组分构成的一类特殊 的系统。在这一章,先介绍系统( system)的概念,然后引出生态系统 ecosystem)和农业生态系统的概念

WHATIS DESIGN??? A DESIGN IS PLAN FOR Manufacturing an artifact E A refrigerator or a rug Building the mean of manufacture E Afactory or a chemical plant Building a structure E A bridge or a baseball stadium Implementing an organization A hospital emergency room E A air transportation system

Why one needs statistics for describing physical phenomena? Any measurable macroscopic property is an average over a very huge number of microscopic configurations. Time scale of thermal fluctuations and basic relaxations~fs(femto second, 10-15 second). During the time interval necessary for realizing a measurement, a macroscopic system undergoes the change of its microscopic configuration for many many times!

1. Single equation estimation procedures Indirect least squares(ILS)(恰好识别) Two- -stage least squares(2SLS)(过度识别) 2. System estimation procedures Three-stage- least squares(sLS)(跨方程相 关) In1962 Theil and Zellner first proposed this method. 2SLS+GLS= 3SLS (gls=generalized least squares)

1.1 Introduction Any problems about signal analyses and processing may be thought of letting signals trough systems. f(t) y(t) h(t) From f(t) and h(t), find y(t), Signal processing From f(t) and y(t), find h(t), System design From(t)andh(t), find(t), Signal reconstruction

相律 Phase Rules Phase diagrams are extremely useful for systems with multiple components, and serve to describe physical and chemical equilibria over range of different compositions, as well as points where substances are mutually miscible, or even when a system has to be brought to a specific set of conditions for equilbrium to exist(e.g., pressure