Toxic metals Some metals are essential for the normal development and well-being of humans and other creatures They include Na, K, ca, Mg, cu, Cr, and Zn Other metals are toxic even when present in an organism at very low concentrations Examples: Antimony, Arsenic, Barium

Chapter 1.a Fable for Tomorrow There was once a town in the heart of america where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grains and hillsides of orchards where in spring white clouds of bloom drifted

Acute(急性) and chronic(慢性) toxicity Acute toxicity refers to a rapid and serious response to a high but short-lived dose Acute poisons interfere with essential physiological processes, leading to a variety symptoms of distress, even death Chronic toxicity refers to a time-lagged response to a relatively low but prolonged exposure

Plant nutrients Plant growth requires various nutrients Major nutrient elements: C,N, P trace elements: S, Si, Cl, I, and metallic elements(Fe, Mn, Cu, etc) The minor elements because of the low demand can Water y be supplied at adequate rates in natural

Water vapor in the air The volume of Water vapor is variable, depending on temperature, precipitation, rate of evaporation and other factors at a particular location The percentage of water vapor ranges from 0.1- 5%. Generally it is 1-3%(the 3rd most abundant constituents in the air)

Air quality and particles Epidemiological(流行病学) evidence associates atmospheric particles with diseases and mortality Particles penetrate the lungs, blocking and irritating aIr passages. Particles themselves could exert toxic effects. ( toxic substances present in the particles [polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are examples of toxic substances in aerosols.]

The atmosphere The atmosphere is a thin blanket of gas that envelops the earth The gases that make up the atmosphere are held close to the earth by the pull of gravity With increasing distance from the earth's surface, the temperature, density, and composition of the atmosphere gradually change

基础化学理论教学内容涵盖无机化学、物理化学、分析化学和环境化学的内容，包括： (1)溶液的性质：稀溶液的依数性、电解质溶液、缓冲溶液； (2)化学反应的基本原理：热力学、动力学、电化学原理； (3)物质的结构理论知识：原子结构、分子结构、配位化合物结构； (4)分析化学知识：滴定分析和分光光度分析 (5)环境化学知识：化学元素和人体健康

在制种过程中,消毒与灭菌是不可缺少的环 节。消毒是指采用物理或化学的方法杀死物 体表面或环境中的部分有害微生物;灭菌是 指用物理或化学的方法杀死物体中或环境中 的一切微生物,也就是说灭菌的物体不再有 任何活的微生物存在

描述性动物毒性实验是指通过对环境有害因素特别是外源化学物的毒理学 基础研究,包括一定程序的实验动物选择、实验模型的制作、数量与剂量确 定、染毒方法及毒性指标等,观察动物机体所产生的总体毒性效应,通过不断 反复的资料积累作出毒理学评价并外推至人类,为防治暴露于环境有害因素的 有害作用提出综合性措施的过程