本书较全面地介绍了现代统计学的理论、方法及其应用技巧。针对多元统计分析方法计算量大和算法复杂的特点，以SAS软件包作为实现复杂统计计算的工具，本书着重介绍各种试验设计方法、统计分析方法及其适用条件、结合具体问题正确选用统计方法的技术以及对计算结果的正确解释和应用。在一切从实际出发的思想指导下，合理调整教材结构和编写形式，把处理同一类问题的统计方法集中到一起讲解，使貌似复杂的统计问题化繁为简，实用方便。本书具有以下独到之处：用计算器和计算机两种计算工具实现统计计算，便于读者选用；针对问题和资料闸述统计方法，有利于读者提高处理实际问题的综合能力；介绍的试验设计类型多，讲解详细，具有很强的可操作性；为读者成功地使用SAS软件提供了一条有效的捷径。根据教学对象的层次和学时数适当取舍内容，本书可作为研究生、本科生、大中专生的统计学教材，高等院校和科研机构的教师、学者、科技人员、生物医学工作者、管理工作者等学习和应用统计方法的参考书；还可作为用SAS软件解决统计问题的实用手册

6.4.1 Calculation procedure of SIMPLE algorithm 6.4.2 Approximations in SIMPLE algorithm 6.4.3 Numerical example 6.4 Approximations in SIMPLE algorithm 6.4 Approximations in SIMPLE Algorithm 6.5 Discussion on SIMPLE and Convergence Criteria 6.5.1 Discussion on SIMPLE algorithm 6.5.2 Convergence criteria of flow field iteration 6.6 Developments of SIMPLE algorithm 6.6.1 SIMPLER－Overcoming 1st assumption of 6.6.2 SIMPLEC－Partially overcoming 2nd assumption 6.6.3 SIMPLEX－ Partially overcoming 2nd 6.6.4 Comparisons of algorithms 6.6.2 SIMPLEC－Partially overcoming the 2nd 6.6.3 SIMPLEX algorithm 6.6.5 IDEAL algorithms

7.3 Conservation of Discretized Equations 7.4 Transportive Property of Discretized 7.5 Sign-preservation Principle for Analyzing 7.3.1 Definition and analyzing model 7.3.2 Direct summation method 7.3.3 Conditions for guaranteeing conservation 7.3.4 Discussion－expected but not necessary 7.3.2 Direct summation method (直接求和法) 7.3.4 Discussion－Conservation is expected but not 7.4.1 Essential (基本的) difference between 7.4 Transportive (迁移)Character of Discretized 7.4.2 CD of diffusion term can propagate(传播) 7.4.3 Analysis of transport character of 7.4.4 Upwind scheme of convection term 7.4.5 Discussion on transport character of 7.4.1 Essential difference between convection 7.4 Transportive Property of Discretized Equations 7.4.3 Analysis of transport character (迁移特性) of 7.4.4 Upwind scheme (迎风格式) of convective 7.4.5 Discussion on transportive character of 7.5 Stability analysis of discretized diffusion￾convection equation

7.1 Consistence, Convergence and Stability of Discretized Equations 7.1.1 Truncation error and consistence(相容性） 7.1.3 Round off error （舍入误差）and stability （稳定性） of initial problems（初值问题） 7.1.4 Examples 7.1.2 Discretization error（离散误差） and convergence(收敛性） 7.2 von Neumann Method for Analyzing Stability of Initial Problems 7.2.1 Propagation of error vector with time 7.2.2 Discrete Fourier expansion 7.2.3 Basic idea of von Neumann analysis 7.2.4 Examples of von Neumann analysis 7.2.5 Discussion on von Neumann analysis

8.1 Introduction to turbulence 8.2 Time-averaged governing equation for incompressible convective heat transfer 8.3 Zero-equation and one-equation model 8.4 Two-equation model 8.5 Wall function method 8.6 Low-Reynolds number k-epsilon model 8.7 Brief introduction to recent developments

6.1 Source terms in momentum equations and two key issues in numerically solving momentum equation 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Source in momentum equations 6.1.3 Two key issues in solving flow field 6.2 Staggered grid system and discretization of momentum equation 6.2.1 Staggered grid(交叉网格) 6.2.2 Discretization of momentum equation in staggered grid 6.2.3 Interpolation in staggered grid 6.2.4 Remarks 1. Flow rate at a node 2. Density at interface 3. Conductance at interface 6.3 Pressure correction methods for N-S equation 6.3.1 Basic idea of pressure correction methods 6.3.2 Equations for velocity corrections of u ’, v ’ 6.3.3 Derivation of equation of pressure correction p ’ 6.3.4 Boundary condition for pressure correction

6.7 Boundary condition treatments for open system 6.7.1 Selections for outlet boundary 6.7.2 Treatment of outlet boundary condition 6.7.3 Treatment of outlet boundary condition with 6.7.4 Methods for outlet normal velocity satisfying 6.7.1 Selections for outlet boundary position 6.7.2 Treatment of B.C. without recirculation 6.7.4 Methods for outlet normal velocity to satisfy 6.8.1 Natural convection in an enclosure 6.8.2 Numerical treatments of island (孤岛) 6.8 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Closed System 6.8 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Closed system 6.8.1 Natural convection in enclosure 6. Other examples of flow in enclosure 6.8.2 Numerical treatments for isolated island

5.1 Introduction to Solution Methods of ABEqs 5.2 Construction of Iteration Methods of Linear Algebraic Equations 5.3 Convergence Conditions and Acceleration Methods for Solving Linear ABEqs. 5.4 Block Correction Method –Promoting Conservation Satisfaction 5.5 Multigrid Techniques –Promoting Simultaneous Attenuation of Different Wave-length Components

建设项目经济评价是在完成市场调查与预测、拟建规模、营销策划、资源优化、技术 方案论证、投资估算与资金筹措等可行性分析的基础上,对拟建项目各方案投入与产出的 基础数据进行推测、估算,对拟建项目各方案进行评价和选优的过程。经济评价的工作成 果融汇了可行性研究的结论性意见和建议是投资主体决策的重要依据

一、假设检验的概念 假设(hypothesis)，又称统计假设，是对总体参数 的具体数值所作的陈述。 假设检验(hypothesis test) 是先对总体参数提出 某种假设，然后利用样本信息判断假设是否成立的过程。 ㈠ 原假设与备择假设 原假设(null hypothesis)，又称零假设，用 表示，是指研究者想收集证据予以反对的假设