1963年美国 Honeywell公司s(Integrated Data Store)系统投入运行。 。1965年美火箭公司用IDS帮助设计阿波罗登 月火箭。 。1968年IBM公司:层次IMS。 1969年美 CODASYL:网状DBTG标准年。 1970年IBM的E..Codd提出关系模型。 20世纪70年代以层次、网状为主流。 20世纪80年代关系系统逐渐代替层次与网状

(一)需要层次理论 需要层次理论是由美国的心理学家马斯洛在 1943年出版的著作《人类动机理论》中提出 的。他假设每个人内部都存在五个层次的需 要,依次为:生理需要、安全需要、社会需 要、尊重需要、自我实现需要

(一)管理方格理论 美国管理学家布莱克和莫顿从关心人和 关心生产两个维度的基础上提出了管理 方格理论

强化理论是由美国心理学家斯金纳首先提 出。该理论认为人的行为是其所受刺激的 函数。如果这种刺激对他有利,这种行为 就会重复出现,若对他不利,这种行为就 会减弱直到消失

What is politics? The struggle or process that people engage in to decide which members of society get certain benefits or privileges and which members of society are excluded from benefits or privileges

The Nature of Bureaucracy a large organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions private bureaucracies exist within organizations like corporations has a single set of leaders public bureaucracies exist within organizations like

The Policy Making Process agenda building --identifying a problem and getting it on the agenda policy formulation -the debate that occurs between government officials, and between the public in the media, and in campaigns

The Colonial Background Jamestown-representative- assembly Plymouth- social contract with consent of the governed

Civil Liberties versus civil Rights civil liberties involve restraining the government's action against individuals civil rights are rights all individuals share as provided for in the 14th amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law

Defining Public Opinion Public Opinion-the- aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs shared by some portion of the adult population -Consensus opinions-when there is general agreement among the citizenry on an issue - Divisive opinionswhen- public opinion is polarized between two quite different positions