1. The experimental conditions — temperature and acid concentration — that are required to being about dehydration are closely related to the structure of the individual alcohol. The relative ease with which alcohols undergo dehydration is in the following order:

SN2 reactions are highly useful in organic synthesis because they enable use to convert one functional group into another —— functional group transformation (functional group interconversion)

分离过程是将混合物分成组成互不相同的两种或几种产品的操作。 分离操作的作用：①为化学反应提供符合质量要求的原料，清除对反应或催化剂有害的 杂质，减少副反应和提高收率；②对反应产物起着分离提纯作用，以得到合格的产品，并使 未反应的反应物得以循环利用

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）

Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

Cycloalkanes with only one ring are named by attaching the prefix cyclo- to the names of the alkanes possessing the same number of carbon atoms

Functional groups The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior. The Chemistry of every organic molecules

Carbon’s ability to form strong covalent bonds to other carbon atoms is the single property of the carbon atom that — more than any other—accounts for the existence of a field of study called organic chemistry. Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms, and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen atoms as well

Quinones are an interesting and valuable class of compounds because of their oxidation-reduction, or redox, properties. The redox properties of quinones are important to the functioning of living cells, where compounds called ubiquinones(泛醌) act as biochemical oxidizing agents to mediate the electro-transfer processes involved in energy production