Musculoskeletal Dynamics Grant Schaffner

Robot / Human Comparisons (how inhumane) Table I presents some of the elements of robotic and animal movement systems neatly compared for your viewing pleasure. Table I. Comparison of Movement Control Systems in the Robot and Human

Early Ideas about Muscular Contraction Hippocrates thought that the tendons caused the body to move (he confused tendons with nerves, and in fact used the same word, neuron, for both)

Summary Summary - Bones

Principal Aim To assess the strength changes, and associated change in fracture risk, due to structural alterations in the proximal femora of astronauts experiencing long￾term weightlessness

Notes on Bones Notes on Bones

Skeletal Consequences of Spaceflight Background Early flights: very little idea of physiological changes to expect -big concerns: respiration, cardiovascular -bone probably wasn't a serious consideration What has been learned in the past 37 years of human spaceflight?

In weightlessness, “down” cues from the inner ear otolith organs are absent. Astronauts are thought to rely more heavily on vision. Many astronauts perceive a “subjective vertical”. When it changes direction, it can cause disorientation and motion sickness

The Potential New Rx “Spin in the Gym” “Prescribed AG Dosage” “AG Sleeper

Raphan T, Matsuo V, Cohen B (1979). Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR). Experimental Brain Research 35:229-248. Henn V, Cohen B, Young LR (1980). Visual-vestibular interaction in motion perception and the generation of nystagmus