Research on the International Space Station Prof Dava Newman for Dr. Arnauld E. Nicogossian, MD Associate Administra NASA Office of Life Microgravity Sciences& Applications eptember 2000 Why Space Station? EmErse Station is an international cooperative research platform To Provide an advanced testbed for technology human exploration a state-of-the-art research facility on which to study gravity's effects on phy sical, chem ical, biological systems To Learn a commercial platform for space research how to live, explore, and work development how to use the attributes of space to enhance products processes for Earth
To Provide... …..an advanced testbed for technology & human exploration …..a state-of-the-art research facility on which to study gravity‘s effects on physical, chemical, & biological systems …..a commercial platform for space research & development To Learn... …..how to live, explore, and work productively in space …..how to use the attributes of space to enhance products & processes for Earth HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA] STATIO N Research on the International Space Station Prof . Dava Newman for 16.423J/HST515J Many thanks to: Dr. Arnauld E. Nicogossian, MD Associate Administrator NASA Off ice of Life & Microgravity Sciences & Applications September 2000 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Why Space Station? [OLMSA] To Provide... …..an advanced testbed for technology & human exploration …..a state-of-the-art research facility on which to study gravity‘s effects on physical, chem ical, & biological systems …..a commercial platform for space research & development Station is an international cooperative research platform To Learn... …..how to live, explore, and work productively in space …..how to use the attributes of space to enhance products & processes for Earth 1
Space Station Exploration Station is a testbed for solar system xploration The Martian Surface The mars transhab Sojourner Rover Exploration Technology The First Steps A Whole The first station element launched on 20 Novembe·1998 In Human Space Flight First Station rikalev, Flight First crew o Second crew 4/00
2 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA] Space Station & Exploration Station is a testbed for solar system exploration The Mars Transhab The Martian Surface Sojourner Rover Exploration Technology HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS The First Steps [OLMSA] The first Station element launched on 20 November 1998 William (Bill) Shepherd, Commander Yuri Pavlovich Gidzenko, Soyuz Commander Sergei K. Krikalev, Flight Engineer First Station ingress, 10 Dec. 1998 First Station ingress, 10 Dec. 1998 Yuri Usachev; Expedition Commander Susan J. Helm s James S. Voss
What is Space Station? A means to link research communities in space on ear At least 4 Major Research Capability International Biomedical research Countermeasures laboratories Developme variab S ogy Ecology(under Gravitational biolo Attache U.S. Lab 03/00 Payload Sites Fluids Com bustic Multipurpose Human- machine Interfaces and advanced Low Temperature ug Physics Racks &1 Earth Observation& Space Science Pallets Multipurpose EXPRESS Racks Pallets c eesa.m-m- What is Space Station? u s o Rce came Resources 4-LaRaFRLONY Thermal Control Data Handling Communications nescience) Microgravity 10 Gaseous N, 0, CO,. Ar. He Vacuum Exposure Vent Human Intervention Observational Windows ISPR EXPRESS Rack Outfitting 3
3 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS What is Space Station? [OLMSA] A means to link research communities in space & on Earth Major Research Capability • Biomedical Research & Countermeasures Development • Gravitational Biology & Ecology (under variable gravity) • Materials Science • Biotechnology • Fluids & Combustion • Human-machine Interfaces and Advanced Life Support • Low Temperature µg Physics • Earth Observation & Space Science • Multipurpose EXPRESS Racks & Pallets Major Research Capability • Biomedical Research & Countermeasures Development • Gravitational Biology & Ecology (under variable gravity) • Materials Science • Biotechnology • Fluids & Combustion • Human-machine Interfaces and Advanced Life Support • Low Temperature µg Physics • Earth Observation & Space Science • Multipurpose EXPRESS Racks & Pallets • At least 4 International Laboratories • External Attached Payload Sites • Multipurpose EXPRESS Racks & Pallets U.S. Lab 03/00 U.S. Lab 03/00 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA] What is Space Station? Resources ISPR EXPRESS Rack Outfitting • Power • Thermal Control • Data Handling & Communications (Telescience) œ On Board œ From the Ground • Microgravity 10-6 • Gaseous N2, O2, CO2, Ar, He • Vacuum Exposure & Vent • Human Intervention • Observational Windows
Gravitational Biology What is the role of gravity in the evolution, development, structure, and function of life and as a result life's interactions Through what mechanisms do plants animals sense and respond to gravi and what is the gravitational threshold for this perception to occur?* What role does gravity play in the development of gravity-sensing vestibular Are there developmental processes in plants and animals that depend upon gravitational stimuli?* Centrifuge 2 g g Iomeaica res,&A小 Human Support Tech. What is required to assure the health, safety and productivity for humans living working in space How do humans adapt to space flight conditions, and how can we best facilitate that adaptation readaptation to a gravity environment? What are the hazards to humans posed by the space and what are the optimum solutions to minimize these hazards? 黑e Human Research Facility
with its environment? HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] 2 g 0 g Centrifuge l • • • AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Gravitational Biology [OLMSA *Questions derived from Space Studies Board, Nationa Research Council, A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century, 1998 What is the role of gravity in the evolution, development, structure, and function of life, and as a result, life’s interactions What role does gravity play in the development of gravity-sensing vestibular systems in animals?* Are there developmental processes in plants and animals that depend upon gravitational stimuli?* Through what mechanisms do plants & animals sense and respond to gravity, and what is the gravitational threshold for this perception to occur?* HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] i 5X 3X Rack in space? • • AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA Biomedical Res. & Adv. Human Support Tech. GASMAP Ac tv e 2 Passive Rack U tility Drawer (Portable Computer and A ccessories) Drawer Assembly 4 PU X 24L Drawer Assembly 8 PU X 24L Drawer Assembly 16 PU X 24L Human Research Facility What is required to assure the health, safety and productivity for humans living & working How do humans adapt to space flight conditions, and how can we best facilitate that adaptation & readaptation to a gravity environment? What are the hazards to humans posed by the space environment, and what are the optimum solutions to minimize these hazards? 4
Biotechnology What are the controlling mechanisms in cellular aggregation and differentiation which would allow in vitro growth of cells organisms, organs, and other biologically interesting structures? How does gravity affect protein crystallization growth, and what factors are responsible for increasing the structural resolution of certain protein crystals grown in ug?* Can ug cell culturing technology improve the limits of ground-based tissue ngineering? Fluid Physics Combustion science What is the most effective energy conversion process involving combustion and how can we achieve that? What are the fundamental forces affecting fluid behavior? How do dominant forces in microgravity, such as surface tension gradient- driven flows. affect fluid behavior. and how do magnetic electrical forces affect fluid transport in variable gravity environmen How do flames behave in variable gravity environments, and how is this atmospheric fuel composition What are the forces governing soot formation in combustion
HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] in vitro growth of cells, • • of ground-based tissue l AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Biotechnology [OLMSA What are the controlling mechanisms in cellular aggregation and differentiation which would allow organisms, organs, and other biologically interesting structures? How does gravity affect protein crystallization & growth, and what factors are responsible for increasing the structural resolution of certain protein crystals grown in µg?* Can µg cell culturing technology improve the limits engineering? *Questions derived from Space Studies Board, Nationa Research Council, Microgravity Research Opportunities for the 1990s, 1995 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] Fluid Physics & • • • processes? l AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA Combustion Science What is the most effective energy conversion process involving combustion, and how can we achieve that? How do dominant forces in microgravity, such as surface tension gradientdriven flows, affect fluid behavior, and how do magnetic & electrical forces affect fluid transport in variable gravity environments?* How do flames behave in variable gravity environments, and how is this dependent upon atmospheric & fuel composition?* What are the forces governing soot formation in combustion What are the fundamental forces affecting fluid behavior? *Questions derived from Space Studies Board, Nationa Research Council, Microgravity Research Opportunities for the 1990s, 1995 5
Materials research Fundamental Physics What is the optimum relationship between the process used to achieve this in space and on the ground w can we form a material and its resultant properties, and he How can the space environment help us obtain fundamental physical measurements of the highest accuracy? How do various transport henomena affect the formation and quality of selected How can containerless processin desirable qualities in selected materials?事 "Questins derived fom Space Studies Board, Nasanal Technology Development agee sam Engineering Research What technologies are best suited for long-duration missions of human space exploration? How do large structures behave in space?* How does the space environment affect the properties and performance of selected materials?* What are the optimum technologies in solar dynamic power generation in terms of efficiency, mass, and size? How do we maximize the reliability and usefulness of deployable structures for space exploration development? 6
HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] • • l AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA Materials Research & Fundamental Physics What is the optimum relationship between the process used to form a material and its resultant properties, and how can we achieve this in space and on the ground? How can the space environment help us obtain fundamental physical measurements of the highest accuracy? How do various transport phenomena affect the formation and quality of selected materials?* How can containerless processing best enhance desirable qualities in selected materials? * *Questions derived from Space Studies Board, Nationa Research Council, Microgravity Research Opportunities for the 1990s, 1995 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] • • • • AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA Engineering Research & Technology Development What technologies are best suited for long-duration missions of human space exploration? How do we maximize the reliability and usefulness of deployable structures for space exploration & development? How do large structures behave in space?* How does the space environment affect the properties and performance of selected materials?* What are the optimum technologies in solar dynamic power generation in terms of efficiency, mass, and size?* *Questions derived from A eronautics & Space Engineering Board, National Research Council, Engineering Research & Technology Development on the Space Station, 1996 6
Biologically-based Technologies for Exploration boax) so Smart materials Human-centered Anticipatory Cognitive task analysis research Curious Self-modeling aERCam interfaces Adaptive Portable digital assistants wearable computing research Self-repairing nsor-lusion sensory ased Tecmoages fo ided motor control Electronic Nose Space Science How did the Universe, galaxies, stars, and planets form evolve? What is the morphology of the local space physics Earth magnetospheric environments? *1998 NASA Stratege Plan What are the sources of d he are they related to the structure nd evolution of the universe? interplanetary cosmic-dust particles, and what is their linkage to the evolution of the
HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA] Biologically-based Technologies for Exploration Smart Materials & Structures Human-centered Systems • Anticipatory • Collaborative • Curious • Self-modeling • Adaptive • Self-repairing • Portable • Sensor-fusion & sensoryguided motor control • Cognitive task analysis research • Innovative human-machine interfaces • Portable digital assistants & wearable computing research AERCam Electronic Nose Component *Areas of emph asis derived from Space Studies Board, National Research Council, Report of the Workshop on Biologically-based Technologies for Space Exploration, 1998 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Space Science [OLMSA] How did the Universe, galaxies, stars, and planets form & evolve?* • What are the sources of cosmic-ray particles, and how are they related to the structure and evolution of the universe? • What are the source of interplanetary cosmic-dust particles, and what is their linkage to the evolution of the solar system? • What is the morphology of the local space physics & Earth magnetospheric environments? *1998 NA SA Strategic Plan 7
三 arth science How does the earth environment change over time, and what are the causes of these changes? What are the nature and extent of land-cover and land-use changes over time ow can we better pre How does the Earth respond to variations in total solar irradiance? · How and why are earth atmospheric constituents long-term impacts of these Commercial Research How can we best use the results of space research to improve products and processes on Earth? Can microgravity research facilitate the reduction of defects in poly mer Can microgravity research help us to improve the efficiency of to enhance earth-based food · How can the station facilitate commercial L
HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE Earth Science ] • • • • AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA How does the Earth environment change over time, and what are the causes of these changes?* How can we better predict natural disasters? How does the Earth respond to variations in total solar irradiance? How and why are Earth atmospheric constituents changing, and what are the long-term impacts of these changes? What are the nature and extent of land-cover and land-use changes over time? *1998 NA SA Strategic Plan HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] • production? • development? • AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Commercial Research [OLMSA How can we best use the results of space research to improve products and processes on Earth? Can microgravity research help us to improve the efficiency of selected agricultural techniques to enhance Earth-based food How can the Station best facilitate commercial space Can microgravity research facilitate the reduction of defects in polymer materials? 8
NAS NASA-sponsored Centers Research Institutes joint with NSF Otio Baylor College d Medicine Gravitational Biology FY1998-775PL.s FY2002-1000+P FY2000-962PL.s Station Telescience P.l. 's will be able to interact with their payloads abo Station via telescience operations “PL.ina 冗 Telescience Support Centers BOx (TSO) Geographically dispersed Telescience resource kit (trek Designated NASA facilities PC-based telemetry command International partner mission system Networks to TSC or NASA Payload Remote locations such as a Pl Operations Integration Center or commercial laboratory Allows access to Iss payload and Download data directly to ground-based pay load planning and Investigators info. mgt systems Allow investigators to communicate with their Telescience capabilities hance the educational potential
9 HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA] Existing Center or Institute Future Center or Institute Gravitational Biology Rice University Bioregenerative Life Support Rutgers University Gravitational Biology North Carolina State University Plant Biology - joint with NSF Ohio State University National Space Biomedical Research Institute Baylor College of Medicine National Center for Microgravity Research in Fluids & Combustion Case Western Reserve Radiation Health University Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Exobiology OSS-funded University of California at San Diego Radiation Health Proton Accelerator Loma Linda Medical University Astrobiology Institute Ames Research Center NIH Bioreactor Center National Institutes of Health Brookhaven National Laboratory (DOE) Alliance for Microgravity Materials Sciences & Applications University of Alabama at Huntsville NASA-sponsored Centers & Research Institutes FY 1998 - 775 P.I.s FY 2000 - 962 P.I.s FY 2002 -- 1000+ P.I.s HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE AND MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS Station Telescience [OLMSA] P.I.’s will be able to interact with their payloads aboard the Station via telescience operations “P.I. in a Box” Telescience capabilities enhance the educational potential of the Station Telescience Support Centers (TSC) • Geographically dispersed œ Designated NASA facilities œ International partner mission control centers œ Remote locations such as a PI or commercial laboratory • Download data directly to investigators • Allow investigators to communicate with their payloads Telescience Support Centers (TSC) • Geographically dispersed œ Designated NASA facilities œ International partner mission control centers œ Remote locations such as a PI or commercial laboratory • Download data directly to investigators • Allow investigators to communicate with their payloads Telescience Resource Kit (TReK) • PC-based telemetry & command system • Networks to TSC or NASA Payload Operations Integration Center • Allows access to ISS payload and ground-based payload planning and info. mgt. systems Telescience Resource Kit (TReK) • PC-based telemetry & command system • Networks to TSC or NASA Payload Operations Integration Center • Allows access to ISS payload and ground-based payload planning and info. mgt. systems
Research on the ss Colaboration STS-90 STS-95 are Models of Cooperation STS-90-Neurolab Intemational Payload Participation by CSA,STS-95 ESA CNES. DARA Intemational Crew NASDA Chiaki Mukai(Japan Interagency Pedro Duque(Spain) Collaboration Multinational payload (ESA, NASDA) Cooperation with NIH,. Interagency cooperation nSF, ONR NIH/National Institute on Aging/Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging International aos and nras will broaden station AsA The Exploration Vision m Permanent Exploration Discovery Presence Station research plays a critical role in an integrated space exploration development strategy
STS-90 - Neurolab • International Payload œ Participation by CSA, ESA, CNES, DARA, NASDA • Interagency Collaboration œ Cooperation with NIH, NSF, & ONR STS-95 • International Crew œ Chiaki Mukai (Japan) œ Pedro Duque (Spain) • Multinational payload (ESA, NASDA) • Interagency cooperation œ NIH/National Institute on Aging/Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] Collaboration STS-90 - Neurolab • NASDA • Collaboration NSF, & STS-95 • œ œ • • œ particip AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS [OLMSA Research on the ISS STS-90 & STS-95 are Models of Cooperation International Payload œ Participation by CSA, ESA, CNES, DARA, Interagency œ Cooperation with NIH, ONR International Crew Chiaki Mukai (Japan) Pedro Duque (Spain) Multinational payload (ESA, NASDA) Interagency cooperation NIH/National Institute on Aging/Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging International AOs and NRAs will broaden Station ation HEDS ENTERPRISE OFFICE OF LIFE ] Presence Discovery 40 Human Presence (ISS) Virtual Human Presence (—Human“-on-a-Chip) AND MICRO GRAVITY SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS The Exploration Vision [OLMSA Permanent Exploration Our Solar System In terstellar Space light years 4 1/2 Alpha Centauri light years 1000 Nearby Stars The M ilk y Way 100,000 light years Oort Cloud In ter-Galactic Space Observation. . . Station research plays a critical role in an integrated space exploration & development strategy 10