1. Standards and Calibration 2. Basic methods of Force Measurement 3. Characteristics of Elastic Force Transducers 4. Resolution of Vector Forces and Moments into Rectangular Components 5. Torque Measurement on Rotating Shafts 6. Shaft Power Measurement (Dynamometers) 7. Vibrating-Wire Force Transducers

TEM in situ tensile tests of 310 stainless steel show that a dislocation free zone (DFZ) forms if the displacement keeps constant after dislocations are emitted from a crack tip. The elastic DFZ is gradually thinned and the stress in the DFZ will reach the cohesive strength, resulting in nucleation of nanocracks in it and their bluntness into voids. If continuously tensioning, the inhomogeneously thinning ahead of the crack tip, initiat-ing and connecting of microcracks or microvoids will be observed rather than a DFZ, nanocracks' initiation and bluntness into voids. The inverse pile-up ahead of a loaded crack tip can move back to the crack tip when unloading

西安建筑科技大学：《材料物理性能》课程教学资源（授课教案）第一章 材料的弹性变形 Elastic deformation of materials

1 完全弹性碰撞(complete elastic collision) 系统内动量和机械能均守恒 2 非弹性碰撞(Inelastic collision ) 系统内动量守恒，机械能不守恒 3 完全非弹性碰撞(Complete inelastic collision ) 系统内动量守恒，机械能不守恒

Elastic Demand Shows Large￾Quantity Response to Price Change

一、碰撞(collision) 碰撞两物体互相接触时间极短而互作用力较大的相 互作用∵F<