Why one needs statistics for describing physical phenomena? Any measurable macroscopic property is an average over a very huge number of microscopic configurations. Time scale of thermal fluctuations and basic relaxations~fs(femto second, 10-15 second). During the time interval necessary for realizing a measurement, a macroscopic system undergoes the change of its microscopic configuration for many many times!

Theories of elementary reaction Simple Collision theory (SCT) for bimolecular reactions Transition state theory (TST) for bimolecular reactions

pV= constant×nT=nRT gas constant R=8.31451JK-1 mol-1 perfect gas equation Ideal Gas State Equation

1 理想气体状态方程 perfect gas equation pV= constant×nT=nRT

简单混合物 Simple mixtures偏摩尔体积 Partial molar VolumeⅤ≠V1+Ⅴ2Partial molar volume of substance a in a mixture is the change involume per mole of a added to the large volume of the mixture

II. Listening Skills Listening to People talk about health 1. M: I haven't been to see my doctor for a very long time. I'm worried that he'll be angry with me for not having a physical examination for so long w: Which is more important, the doctors feelings or your health? Youd better go if you want to make sure everything is all right with you. It seems that the man worries more about the doctor's feelings than his own healtl

无机化学总结 物理无机化学( physical inorganic chemistry) 无机化学 描述无机化学( descriptive inorganic chemistry)

2.1 Plane stress and plane strain 平面应力问题与平面应变问题 2.2 Differential equations of equilibrium 平衡微分方程 2.3 Stress at a point. Principal stresses 一点的应力，主应力 2.4 Geometrical equations. Rigid-body displacements 一几何方程，刚体位移 Shear stress trajectories in a cantilever beam 悬臂梁的剪应力轨迹线 2.6 Physical equations. 物理方程 2.7 Boundary conditions 边界条件 2.8 Saint-venant`s principle-1 圣维南原理 2.9 solution of plane problem in terms of displacements 按位移求解平面问题 2.10 solution of plane problem in terms of stresses 按应力求解 2.11 Case of constant body forces 常体力情况 2.12 Airy`s stress function. Inverse method and semi-inverse method 艾瑞应力函数，逆解法，半 逆解法

Queueing Systems Used for analyzing network performance In packet networks, events are random Random packet arrivals Random packet lengths While at the physical layer we were concerned with bit-error-rate, at the network layer we care about delays How long does a packet spend waiting in buffers

susceptible host, a series of coordinated events must rcumvent both innate and adaptive immunity. One of the first and most important features of host innate immunity is the barrier provided by the epithelial surfaces of the skin and the lining of the gut. The difficulty of penetrat- ing these epithelial barriers ensures that most pathogens never gain productive entry into the host. In addition to pro viding a physical barrier to infection, the epithelia also pro duce chemicals that are useful in