Robert boyle, (1627-91) Boyle's Law ln1661 py= constant P
Boye’sLaW g Increasing temperature, T Increasing temperature, T Ralation Volume. v 0 isotherms
Charles(1746-1823) Charles'(Gay-Lussac's )Law = constant×T constant×T in1802
Charles'(Gay-Lussac's)Law E Decreasing Decreasing pressure, p volume. v E的 rpolation Extrapolation 0 273 Tem perature, 8/C Temperature, T/K isobars
constant×nT=nRT gas constant R=8.31451 J K-1 mol-1 perfect gas equation Ideal Gas State Equation
Ideal Gas State Equation
John Dalton(1766-1844) Mixtures of gases Dalton’sLaW TOT Pa PB n rT Mole fractions
Scientific method Constructs Form a hypothesis: an educated guess or logical conclusion from known facts a model compared against all available data and the details developed Approximations N consistent a Theory in mathematical form Not Perfect! always correct for many years a scientific law Reality
Scientific method Form a hypothesis: an educated guess or logical conclusion from known facts. Compared against all available data and the details developed consistent ? a Theory in mathematical form always correct for many years a scientific law Y N Constructs a model Approximations Reality Not Perfect!
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics: Study of static(i.e, stationary) states of matter and how they differ from one another in terms of energetic quantities thermo heat dynamIcs energy patterns of change simple assumptions complex situations definitions a set of rules mathematical framework simple problems
Applications: Batteries(chemical work"gs Heating and cooling building Engine efficiency Biological energy transfer Plant/factory design Insulators and conductors U= mgh Protein structure and folding □U+U heat, sound, light upon impact energy conversion directions of change and molecular stability
James prescott joule the first Law of thermodynamics Heat and work are equivalent forms of ener rgy 1 Calorie= 4,184 Joule In any thermodynamic process, the internal energy of the universe is conserved, as energy is neither created nor destroyed △U universe △U system +△U surroundings 0
1 Calorie = 4.184 Joule