General Consideration Antenatal cardiovascular changes Blood volume increase by 40%-60%0 Peaking at 32-34 weeks the expansion in plasma volume is greater than that expansion of red cell mass Cardiac output Increase by 40%6-50% Peaking at 20-24 weeks

Definition Abruptio Placentae( placental abruption): premature separation of the normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall

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▪ component urinary organs: kidneys micturition organs: ureter, bladder and urethra ▪ function ✓ discharge metabolite ✓ regulate the balance of water and electrolyte ✓ endocrine function: renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandin

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