强化理论是由美国心理学家斯金纳首先提 出。该理论认为人的行为是其所受刺激的 函数。如果这种刺激对他有利,这种行为 就会重复出现,若对他不利,这种行为就 会减弱直到消失

GPS (Global Positioning System 即全球定位系统,是由美国建立的一个卫 星导航 定位系统,利用该系统,用户可以在全球 范围内实现全天候、连续、实时的三维导 航定位和测速;另外,利用该系统,用户 还能够进行高精度的时间传递和高精度的 精密定位

Thus far have considered only static response. However, things also move, this includes structures Can actually identify three \categories\ of response A.(Quasi)-Static [quasi because the load must first be applied

Now consider the case of compressive loads and the instability they can cause. Consider only static instabilities (static loading as opposed to dynamic loading [ e.g., flutter) From Unified, defined instability via a system becomes unstable when a negative stiffness overcomes

For a number of cross-sections we cannot find stress functions. However, we can resort to an analogy introduced by Prandtl(1903) Consider a membrane under pressure p, Membrane\. structure whose thickness is small compared to surface

Earlier looked at Simple Beam Theory in which one considers a beam in the x-z plane with the beam along the x-direction and the load in the z-direction Figure 14.1 Representation of Simple Beam Now look at a more general case Loading can be in any direction

Before we look specifically at thin-walled sections, let us consider the general case (i.e, thick-Walled) Hollow thick-walled sections Figure 12.1 Representation of a general thick-walled cross-section 中=c2 on one boundary φ=c1 on one boundary This has more than one boundary(multiply-connected do=0 on each boundary

Return to the simplest system the single spring-mass This is a one degree-of-freedom system with the governing equation

The logical extension of discrete mass systems is one of an infinite number of masses. In the limit, this is a continuous system. Take the generalized beam-column as a generic representation:

Summarizing what we've looked at in elasticity, we have: 15 equations in 15 unknowns 3 equilibrium -6 strains -6 strain-displacement -3 displacements