Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote 1. Principles are the same: signals, activators and repressors, recruitment and allostery, cooperative binding 2. Expression of a gene can be regulated at the similar steps, and the initiation of transcription is the most pervasively regulated step

第七章 RNA Processing In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo various alteration or processing events to become mature rNAs The three commonest types are: 1, nucleotide removal by nucleases 2. nucleotide addition to the 5-or 3-end 3. nucleotide modification on the base or the sugar

▪ 真核基因结构与转录活性 ▪ 真核基因表达特点 ▪ DNA水平的调控 ▪ 转录水平的调控:顺式作用元件和反式作用 因子 ▪ 其他水平的调控:mRNA的加工、mRNA的 翻译、蛋白质加工修饰

一、基本概念 二、转录起始:RNA聚合酶、启动子 三、转录的基本过程 四、转录后加工 五、原核生物与真核生物mRNA的特征比较 六、RNA合成与DNA合成异同点

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chaperones may be required for protein folding 8.3 Post-translational membrane insertion depends on leader sequences 8.4 A hierarchy of sequences determines location within organelles 8.5 Signal sequences initiate translocation 8.6 How do proteins enter and leave membranes? 8.7 Anchor signals are needed for membrane residence 8.8 Bacteria use both co-translational and post-translational translocation 8.9 Pores are used for nuclear ingress and egress 8.10 Protein degradation by proteasomes

第一节 蛋白质合成体系 第二节 氨基酸的活化 第三节 肽链的生物合成过程 第四节 蛋白质翻译后修饰和靶向输送 第五节 蛋白质生物合成的干扰和抑制

第一节 遗传密码 • 概念 • 遗传密码的基本特性 第二节 tRNA 1、tRNA的结构 2、tRNA的功能 3、tRNA的种类 4、氨酰tRNA合成酶 第三节 核糖体 结构 自我组装 活性位点

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Codon-anticodon recognition involves wobbling 7.3 tRNA contains modified bases that influence its pairing properties 7.4 (There are sporadic alterations of the universal code) 7.5 tRNAs are charged with amino acids by synthetases 7.6 Accuracy depends on proofreading 7.7 Suppressor tRNAs have mutated anticodons that read new codons 7.8 The accuracy of translation 7.9 tRNA may influence the reading frame

第一节DNA复制的基本过程和共同特点 第二节原核生物DNA的复制 第三节真核生物DNA的复制 第四节某些病毒DNA的复制

•tRNA剪接 •rRNA剪接 •Ⅰ型内含子剪接——自我剪接 •Ⅱ型内含子剪接——自我剪接 • Pre-mRNA剪接——剪接体剪接