he Greek word stereos means\solid, \and stereochemistry refers to chemistry in three dimensions. The foundations of organic stereochemistry were laid by Jacobus van't Hoff* and Joseph Achille Le Bel in 1874. Independently of each other, van't Hoff and Le Bel proposed that the four bonds to carbon were directed toward the cor- ners of a tetrahedron. One consequence of a tetrahedral arrangement of bonds to carbon

he next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen-containing functional groups. The interplay of these important classes of compounds-alco- hols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives of carboxylic acids-is fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry

arboxylic acids, compounds of the type RCOH, constitute one of the most fre- quently encountered classes of organic compounds Countless natural products are carboxylic acids or are derived from them. Some carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, have been known for centuries. Others, such as the prostaglandins, which are pow erful regulators of numerous biological processes remained unknown until relatively

he value of alkyl halides as starting materials for the preparation of variety of organic functional groups has been stressed many times. In our earlier discussions, we noted that aryl halides are normally much less reactive than alkyl halides in reactions that involve carbon-halogen bond cleavage. In the present chapter you will see that aryl halides can exhibit their own patterns of chemical reactivity, and that these reac

he major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids, pro- teins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are very familiar to us- we call many of them\sugars.\ They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running. Carbohy- drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees. Genetic

CONTENTS Preface xxv INTRODUCTION he Origins of Organic Chemistry 1 Berzelius, Wohler. and vitalism 1 The Structural Theory 3 Electronic Theories of Structure and Reactivity 3

Mechanism Blood velocity1 Blood vascosity Valve: narrowed or incompetent; organic or relative Abnormal connection Vibration of loose structure Diameter of vessel ^or

This handout describes standard extraction and washing protocols that can be applied to virtually any crude reaction mixture. Aqueous washings are done to remove water soluble impurities from organic products since normally the compound that you desire will be dissolved in Reference

The Goal of this course: By studying this course, students can understanding kinetics, preparation and purification, and immobilization of enzymes. Also, knowing of applications and reactors of enzyme is another important task of students. Finally, students should master something in enzyme catalysis in organic media and some common, useful industrial enzymes

在有机化学课程学习基础上,通过本课程的学习,达到在有机合成方面能初步掌握如何 正确设计合成路线并学习几种较常规的合成方法进一步学习在近代结构分析中占有极其重 要地位的波谱理论,特别是核磁共振谱、红外光谱和紫外光谱为进一步扩大学生的知识面, 在上述基础上,对另一些近代有机理论作初步介绍,以满足学生今后在工作上对这方面知识 的需要