A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

社会历史发展到今天，其管理模式也发生了根本性的变化，即由“统治”（government）到“治理”(governance)的转变。政府统治的权力运行方向是自上而下的，它运用政府的政治权力，通过发号施令，对社会公共事务实行单向度的管理。与此相反，治理则是一个上下互动的管理过程，它主要通过合作、协商、伙伴关系、确立认同和共同目标等方式来实现对社会公共事务的管理，所以治理的权力向度是多元的、相互的。这种“治理”就是公民社会的自治

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids

7.3 芳香烃的化学性质 Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7.4 苯环上亲电取代的定位规律 Orientation of Reactions on Substituted Aromatic Rings

3.3 外消旋体的拆分 3.4 外消旋化与差向异构化 3.5 有机反应中的立体化学 Stereochemistry of Reactions

4.1 卤代烃的分类 结构和命名 Classification, Structure, and Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides 4.2 卤代烃的物理性质 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides 4.3 卤代烃的化学性质 Chemical properties of Alkyl Halides

本讲座的主要内容和目标是围绕环境、学习、生活和心理4个重要方面，基于对大学和中学在学习生活等方面差异的比较，分析可能面临的各种问题，在此基础上提出一些尽快适应大学学习生活的对策和建议

More environment-friendly methods Natural insect attractants — instead pesticide Less reactive compounds organic refrigerants and aerosol propellant — instead Freon (that destroy the Earth’s ozone layer) Cars with more efficient combustion engines — reduce the massive amount of automobile

1858 ~ 1861, Kekulé, Couper, and Butlerov, laid the basis for one of the most fundamental theories in chemistry: the structural theory. Valence（化合价）: C — tetravalent; O — divalent; H — monovalent