4.1 Introduction 4.2 Banking system& monetary market 4.3 The interest rate& national income

Topics to be Discusses Aggregate Demand (AD) Function Aggregate Supply (AS) Function AS-AD Model Price Changes and Determination of Output Price Adjustment Process

8.1 Keynesian consumption function 8.2 A simple two-period model 8.3 Consumption theory after Keynes Permanent-income Hypothesis Life-style Hypothesis 8.4 Real interest& decision-making- between consumption and saving

Topics to be Discussed National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments other concepts The determination of exchange rate floating exchange rate system Fixed exchange rate system Trade environment and policy o Summary of the open economy

5.1 The Goods Market Equilibrium and IS Curve 5.2 Financial Markets and LM Curve 5.3 Goods and Financial Markets: IS- LM Model

Topics to be Discussed 11.1 Summary Initial research about the economic growth The definition about the economic growth Weighing standard about the economic growth Headspring of the economic growth Economic growth and economic development

Introduction to New Classical Theories R.lucas Supply Function Rational Expectations and R.lucas Criterion Policy Implications Comparisons between New Classical and Keynesian Theories

第一节 生态系统概论 第二节 生态系统中的初级生产 第三节 生态系统中的次级生产 第四节 生态系统中的分解 第五节 生态系统中的能量流动 第六节 生态系统中的物质循环

溶剂和有机酸都是微生物的初级代谢产物,与工业生产和人们日常生活有着十分密切 的关系,也是发酵工业中历史最悠久、吨位最大、价格最低的产品。自五十年代以来,有 机酸和溶剂发酵工业受到了来自石油化工的竞争,但是由于它们的原料是可再生的生物质 资源(如淀粉、纤维素等),与化学合成产物相比发酵获得的产品更适用于食品、医药等 工业部门,加上在微生物育种和生产工艺方面的进步,这些传统的发酵工业仍具有强大的生命力

一、生态系统中的初级生产 二、生态系统中的次级生产 三、生态系统中的分解 四、生态系统中的能量流动 五、异养生态系统的能流分析 六、生态系统能流模型 七、生态系统中的信息及其传递