Milk is a dilute emulsion consisting of an oil/fat dispersed phase and an aqueous colloidal continuous phase. The physical properties of milk are similar to those of water but are modified by the presence of various solutes (proteins, lactose and salts) in the continuous phase and by the degree of dispersion of the emulsified and colloidal components

In modern dairy technology, milk is almost always subjected to a heat treatment; typical examples are: Thermization e.g.65°℃×15s Pasteurization LTLT (low temperature, long time) 63C 30 min HTST(high temperature, short time) 15s Forewarming(for sterilization)

The water content of dairy products ranges from around 2.5 to 94%(w/w) (Table 7.1) and is the principal component by weight in most dairy products, including milk, cream, ice-cream, yogurt and most cheeses. The moisture content of foods (or more correctly their water activity, section 7.3), together with temperature and pH, are of great importance to food technology. As described in section 7.8 water plays an extremely important

The salts of milk are mainly the phosphates, citrates, chlorides, sulphates, carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, potassium, calcium and mag- nesium. Approximately 20 other elements are found in milk in trace amounts, including copper, iron, silicon, zinc and iodine. Strictly speaking

Normal bovine milk contains about 3. 5% protein. The conce changes significantly during lactation, especially during the first ft post-partum(Figure 4. 1); the greatest change occurs in the whey fraction(Figure 4.2). The natural function of milk proteins is to supply

The milks of all mammals contain lipids but the concentration varies widely between species from c. 2% to greater than 50%(Table 3. 1). The principal function of dietary lipids is to serve as a source of energy for the neonate and the fat content in milk largely reflects the energy requirements of the species, e.g. land animals indigenous to cold environments and marine

Milk is a fluid secreted by the female of all mamalian species, of which there are more than 4000, for the primary function of meeting the complete nutritional requirements of the neonate of the species. In addition, milk serves several physiological functions for the neonate. Most of the non- nutritional functions of milk are served by proteins and peptides which

一、毒物的定义 在一定条件下,较小剂量就能够对生物体产生损害作用或使生物体出现异 常反应的外源化学物称为毒物(toxicant)。毒物可以是固体、液体和气体, 与机体接触或进入机体后,能与机体相互作用,发生物理化学或生物化学反 应,引起机体功能或器质性的损害,严重的甚至危及生命

文摘,简称BA和 Biological Abstracts/ RRMReports, Review, Meetings,是 目前世界上规模较大、景响较深的著名检索工具之-。 BIOSIS Previews涵盖了包括传统生物学(植物学、生态学、动物学等)、交 叉科学(生物化学、生物医学、生物技术等)和诸如仪器与方法等的 相关领域的广泛研究领域。可以使用户对生命科学和生物医学科学文 献进行深入的调研

(一)研究意义 微量有机污染物的来源复杂,有些污染物是通过排污道由污染源定量、定 点直接排放的,这些污染物可以通过人为控制排放而加以处理解决。而有些污 染物是溶解的或固体污染物从非特定的地点(非点源, nonpoint source),通过 大气颗粒物沉降、降水和径流冲刷作用进入受纳水体、土壤和沉积物中,引起 的水体、土壤或沉积物的污染。还有些则是在环境中相互反应形成的。从成因 上看,环境中的有机污染物的来源主要包括天然有机物的生物化学分解、农业 生产(包括农用化学品的施用、污水灌溉)直接分散进入、化石燃料的开发利 用、化学工业过程中产生的污染物通过大气降尘、地表径流作用进入水体、沉 积物和土壤中等。这些污染物污染源类型复杂、分布广、地理位置分散,没有 确定的污染源点,在时空上无法定点监测,治理和控制十分困难,非点源污染 物污染源解释已就成为了污染源研究的主要对象