Management Key Concepts Organizations: People working together and coordinating their actions to achieve specific g coals o Goal a desired future condition that the organization seeks to achieve Management: The process of using organizational resources to achieve the organization's goals by

Organizational Environment Organizational Environment: those forces outside its boundaries that can impact it. Forces can change over time and are made up of Opportunities and Threats. Opportunities: openings for managers to enhance revenues or open markets. New technologies, new markets and ideas. Threats: issues that can harm an organization. economic recessions, oil shortages

Ethics and stakeholders sTakeholders: people or groups that have an interest in the organization Stakeholders include employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, and others Stakeholders often want different outcomes and managers must work to satisfy as many as possible Ethics: a set of beliefs about right and wrong. Ethics guide people in dealings with stakeholders and others, to determine appropriate actions Managers often must choose between the conflicting interest of stakeholders Irwin/McGraw-Hill CThe McGran-Hill Companies, Inc, 2000

The planning process Planning is the process used by managers to identify and select goals and courses of action for the organization The organizational plan that results from the planning process details the goals to be attained o The pattern of decisions managers take to reach these goals is the organizations strategy

Organizational Control Managers must monitor evaluate Are we efficiently converting inputs into outputs? Must accurately measure units of inputs and outputs. Is product quality improving e Are we competitive with other firms? Are employees responsive to customers? customer service is increasingly important. Are our managers innovative in outlook? Does the control system encourage risk-taking

Personality traits Personality Traits: Characteristics that influence how people think, feel and behave on and off the job. Include tendencies to be enthusiastic demanding, easy-going, nervous, etc. Each trait can be viewed on a continuum, from low to high There is no \wrong trait, but rather managers have

Leadership Leadership is the process where a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to achieve goals. Effective leadership increases the firm' b ability to meet new challenges. Leader: The person exerting the influence Personal Leadership style: the ways leaders choose to influence others Some leaders delegate and support subordinates, others are very authoritarian Managers at all levels have their own Irwin/McGraw-Hill leadership style

Importance of Good Communication o Good communication allows a firm to a Learn new skills and technologies a Become more responsive to customers Improve quality of their product or service Foster innovation eFfective communication is needed by all Managers Irwin/McGraw-Hill

Information and the Manager e Data raw facts such as the number of customers Information: data arranged in a meaningful fashion Good information possesses these attributes o Information Quality: measures information accuracy and reliabilit

一、电极化:在外电场作用下,介质内的质点(原子、分子 、离子)正负电荷重心的分离,使其转变成偶极子的过程。 或在外电场作用下,正、负电荷尽管可以逆向移动,但它们 并不能挣脱彼此的束缚而形成电流,只能产生微观尺度的相 对位移并使其转变成偶极子的过程