Ch. 13 Difference Equations 1 First-Order Difference Equations Suppose we are given a dynamic equation relating the value y takes on at date t to another variables Wt and to the value y took in the previous period: where o is a constant. Equation(1)is a linear first-order difference equation a difference equation is an expression relating a variable yt to its previous values

Ch. 15 Forecasting Having considered in Chapter 14 some of the properties of ARMA models, we now show how they may be used to forecast future values of an observed time series. For the present we proceed as if the model were known ecactly Forecasting is an important concept for the studies of time series analysis. In the scope of regression model we usually

Ch. 17 Maximum likelihood estimation e identica ation process having led to a tentative formulation for the model, we then need to obtain efficient estimates of the parameters. After the parameters have been estimated, the fitted model will be subjected to diagnostic checks This chapter contains a general account of likelihood method for estimation of the parameters in the stochastic model

Ch. 18 Vector Time series 1 Introduction In dealing with economic variables often the value of one variables is not only related to its predecessors in time but, in addition, it depends on past values of other variables. This naturally extends the concept of univariate stochastic process to vector time series analysis. This chapter describes the dynamic in

Ch. 19 Models of Nonstationary Time Series In time series analysis we do not confine ourselves to the analysis of stationary time series. In fact, most of the time series we encounter are nonstationary. How to deal with the nonstationary data and use what we have learned from stationary model are the main subjects of this chapter 1 Integrated Process

where a subscribed element of a matrix is always read as arou, column. Here we confine the element to be real number a vector is a matrix with one row or one column. Therefore a row vector is Alxk and a column vector is AixI and commonly denoted as ak and ai,respec- tively. In the followings of this course, we follow conventional custom to say that a vector is a columnvector except for

实验一 Eviews 软件的基本操作.1 实验二 一元回归模型 .10 实验三 多元和非线性回归模型 .20 实验四 多重共线性 .29 实验五 异方差性 .38 实验六 自相关性 .49 实验七 滞后变量模型 .63 实验八 虚拟解释变量模型 .75 实验九 模型设定误差诊断与检验 .82 实验十 联立方程模型 .90 实验十一 平稳时间序列分析 .106 实验十二 非平稳时间序列分析（一） .118

Ch. 16 Stochastic Model Building Unlike linear regression model which usually has an economic theoretic model built somewhere in economic literature, the time series analysis of a stochastic process needs the ability to relating a stationary ARMA model to real data. It is usually best achieved by a three-stage

Ch. 14 Stationary ARMA Process a general linear stochastic model is described that suppose a time series to be generated by a linear aggregation of random shock. For practical representation it is desirable to employ models that use parameters parsimoniously. Parsimony may often be achieved by representation of the linear process in terms of a small number of autoregressive and moving

要点：掌握概率、概率分布和随机变量等的基本概念。重 点区分清楚总体和样本。 2.1一些符号 2.2实验、样本空间、样本点和事件 2.3随机变量 2.4概率 2.5随机变量及其概率分布 2.6多元概率密度函数 2.7总结