I guess I have to come out to reply to those who concern with the nature rate of unemployment. First, What is the natural rate of unemployment? It is assumed to be the unemployment rate at the steady state or equilibrium. Note that equilibrium here is not referred to the common demand-supply equilibrium, but to a state at which things are not changed, or remain the same. More specifically, suppose we can have an economy that could be expressed by the following dynamic system
平推流反应器 Piston Flow Reactor (PFR) 活塞流模型或理想置换模型 This type of units is illustrated in the following figure. This reactor consists of a tube inside which the reaction medium flows. This makes i t t h e s i m p l e s t s t r u c t u r e conceivable f or a continuou s o p e r a ti o n s ys t em . Th e h ea t exchange necessary to add heat to the system or to remove it generally occurs ac ros s the tube wall
1.1 引言 投资组合( P o r t f o l i o )管理的目的是:按照投资者的需求,选择各种各样的证券和其他资产 组成投资组合,然后管理这些投资组合,以实现投资的目标。投资者的需求往往是根据风险 (r i s k)来定义的,而投资组合管理者的任务则是在承担一定风险的条件下,使投资回报率 (r e t u r n)实现最大化