2.3.2 复制的起点、方向和速度 2.3.3 复制的几种主要方式 2.4 原核生物和真核生物DNA的复制特点 2.5.1 错配修复（mismatch repair） 2.5.2 碱基切除修复（Base-excision repair） 2.5.3 核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide-excision repair） 2.5.4 DNA的直接修复（direct repair）

25.1 Introduction 25.2 Oligosaccharides are added to proteins in the ER and Golgi 25.3 The Golgi stacks are polarized 25.4 Coated vesicles transport both exported and imported proteins 25.5 Different types of coated vesicles exist in each pathway 25.6 Cisternal progression occurs more slowly than vesicle movement 25.7 Vesicles can bud and fuse with membranes 25.8 SNAREs control targeting 25.9 The synapse is a model system for exocytosis 25.10 Protein localization depends on specific signals 25.11 ER proteins are retrieved from the Golgi 25.12 Brefeldin A reveals retrograde transport 25.13 Receptors recycle via endocytosis 25.14 Internalization signals are short and contain tyrosine

24.1 Introduction 24.2 Clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes that respond to individual antigens 24.3 Immunoglobulin genes are assembled from their parts in lymphocytes 24.4 Light chains are assembled by a single recombination 24.5 Heavy chains are assembled by two recombinations 24.6 Recombination generates extensive diversity 24.7 Avian immunoglobulins are assembled from pseudogenes 24.8 Immune recombination uses two types of consensus sequence 24.9 Recombination generates deletions or inversions 24.10 The RAG proteins catalyze breakage and reunion 24.11 Allelic exclusion is triggered by productive rearrangement 24.12 DNA recombination causes class switching 24.13 Early heavy chain expression can be changed by RNA processing 24.14 Somatic mutation generates additional diversity 24.15 B cell development and memory 24.16 T-cell receptors are related to immunoglobulins 24.17 The major histocompatibility locus codes for many genes of the immune system

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Breakage and reunion involves heteroduplex DNA 14.3 Double-strand breaks initiate recombination 14.4 Double-strand breaks initiate snapsis 14.5 Bacterial recombination involves single-strand assimilation 14.6 Gene conversion accounts for interallelic recombination 14.7 Topological manipulation of DNA 14.8 Specialized recombination involves breakage and reunion at specific sites 14.9 Repair systems correct damage to DNA 14.10 Excision repair systems in E. coli 14.11 Controlling the direction of mismatch repair 14.12 Retrieval systems in E. coli 14.13 RecA triggers the SOS system 14.14 Eukaryotic repair systems

 掌握基因概念及结构特点；中心法则；基因转录调控相关序列；多顺反子，单顺反子；真核基因与原核基因的结构特点。  熟悉基因突变的意义  了解基因命名法

实验一 植物基因组DNA的提取及其定性定量分析 实验二 PCR扩增目的片段和胶回收 实验三 目的片段和载体的连接 实验四 大肠杆菌感受态细胞的制备和转化效率检测 实验五 重组质粒的转化 实验六 重组质粒DNA的提取及酶切鉴定

第一节 遗传密码 • 概念 • 遗传密码的基本特性 第二节 tRNA 1、tRNA的结构 2、tRNA的功能 3、tRNA的种类 4、氨酰tRNA合成酶 第三节 核糖体 结构 自我组装 活性位点

第一节 蛋白质合成体系 第二节 氨基酸的活化 第三节 肽链的生物合成过程 第四节 蛋白质翻译后修饰和靶向输送 第五节 蛋白质生物合成的干扰和抑制

17.1 Introduction 17.2 The mating pathway is triggered by pheromone-receptor interactions 17.3 The mating response activates a G protein 17.4 Yeast can switch silent and active loci for mating type 17.5 The MAT locus codes for regulator proteins 17.6 Silent cassettes at HML and HMR are repressed 17.7 Unidirectional transposition is initiated by the recipient MAT locus 17.8 Regulation of HO expression 17.9 Trypanosomes switch the VSG frequently during infection 17.10 New VSG sequences are generated by gene switching 17.11 VSG genes have an unusual structure 17.12 The bacterial Ti plasmid causes crown gall disease in plants 17.13 T-DNA carries genes required for infection 17.14 Transfer of T-DNA resembles bacterial conjugation 17.15 Selection of amplified genomic sequences 17.16 Transfection introduces exogenous DNA into cells 17.17 Genes can be injected into animal eggs 17.18 ES cells can be incorporated into embryonic mice 17.19 Gene targeting allows genes to be replaced or knocked out

•tRNA剪接 •rRNA剪接 •Ⅰ型内含子剪接——自我剪接 •Ⅱ型内含子剪接——自我剪接 • Pre-mRNA剪接——剪接体剪接