在各种液压起货机中，回转式起货机的液压系统比较复杂， 因此，下面就选择较具典型意义的回转式起货机的液压系统加以说明。有关的技术数据请参阅说明书

一、 按其额定工作油压的高低可分为： 二、 高压系统 20MPa以上 三、 中高压系统 10-20MPa 四、 中压系统 6.3—10MPa 五、 低压系统 6.3MPa以下

On 29th March the BALTIC CARRIER, a double-hulled chemical tanker, collided with the TERN, a bulk carrier, off the Danish coast, spilling approximately 2700 tonnes of heavy fuel oil. The oil drifted north-westwards from the collision point and started coming ashore during the afternoon and evening of 29th March. The heaviest concentrations were along the south shores of Farøand Bogø in the sound between the islands of Falster

（1) Subject to the provisions of regulations 10 and l1 of this Annex and paragraph (2) of this regulation, any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from ships to which this Annex applies shall be prohibited except when all the following conditions are satisfied a) for an oil tanker, except as provided for in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph :

6.5 Cleaning the Comyn oil/water Separater To clean out the separator ensure that all oil possible has been drawn off through the oil recovery valve and scum valve, and that the separator is full of water. Turn on steam to heating coil; also steaming out connection, and allow the separator to become thoroughly hot

6.2 Pumping considerations Since the rate of separation depends on the oil globule size it will be appreciated that any disintegration of oil globules in the oily feed to the separator should be avoided and this factor can be seriously affected by the type and rating of the pump used. Tests were carried out by a British government research establishment some years ago on the suitability of various pumps for separator feed duties (Double vane, Triple screw and Single vane )

To ensure good combustion in diesel engines and reduce wear and corrosion in this type of engine it may be necessary to remove certain impurities from fuel and lubricating oils. These include ash, various salts and water present in fuel oil and carbonaceous matter, metals, acids and water present in used lubricating oil. carbonaceous

The main objective of this section is to make you acquainted with the relevance of fuel parameters on: Abnormal ignition and combustion. Wear, piston ring collapse and breakage. Gas leakage. Ignition, combustion and exhaust gas emission. Engine damages and operational problems. Prevention of engine damages with off spec. fuels and to recognize their impact on the operation of marine diesel engines

Open systems using gravity tanks, etc., are rarely met nowadays and Figure 1.8 shows a characteristic arrangement of pressure tanks, calorifiers and pumps for a large ship. The fresh water pumps are self-priming, drawing from storage tanks and discharging through filters to a rising main, branched to give a cold supply and a hot supply in closed circuit through a calorifier. A tank kept under pressure by an external supply of compressed air rests on the system and provides the head necessary

In motorships the oil, after passing through main and motion bearings and oil-cooled pistons, etc., is either retained in the bedplate or flows by gravity to a sump tank. In either case, the oil pumps, which may be self￾priming, submerged centrifugal or rotary positive displacement, draw the oil through magnetic strainers and discharge to: filters - oil coolers - engine lubricating and/or cooling manifolds