dissociation and reconstitution studies Abundant knoblike protruding structures were observed on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane by EM (Racker in 1960). The inside-out submitochondrial particles with the knobs\ are capable of both electron transferring and ATP synthesis
1. Gluconeogenesis: The universal pathway for synthesis of glucose. 2. Biosynthesis of glycogen, starch, and sucrose. 3. CO2 fixation in plants (the Calvin Cycle). 4. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in plants