1. chromatin 2.Chomosome 3. Sex chromosome and sex-determination 4. chromosomal polymorphism 5. An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature

1. Variability and Gene (or Allelic) Frequencies 2. The Hardy-Weinberg Law 3. Factors that Affect Stability of Gene Frequencies

1 性染色体决定性别的类型； 2 各种性连锁遗传的特点； 3 交换值的测定； 4 用两点测验和三点测验进行基因定位；

一、概念：重复；缺失；倒位；易位；假显性；假连锁；交换抑制因子；Schultz-Redfield效应；平衡致死系；染色体组；单倍体；二倍体；多倍体；单体；缺体；三体；四体；双三体

第一节 数量性状的遗传特征 第二节 基本参数及运算 第三节 近交衰退与杂种优势 第四节 数量性状QTL定位

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways 2. Somatic versus germline mutations 3. Types of mutation effects

1. Mutagens or Mutagenic Agents 2. Mechanism of Mutation 3. Result of mutation 4.functional effects of the change. 5.Genetic Effects of mutation 6. Repair of Mutation

1. Gene Chemistry 2. Gene Structure 3. DNA replication 4. Gene Expression

Balbiani的变形虫实验 鸡红细胞核移植实验 叶绿体fraction I protein (Bedbrook 1978)

Introduction Genetic Defects Neural Tube Defect Mouth/facial defects Limb defects Congenital Heart Defects Summary