（一）名词解释 1．米氏常数（Michaelis constant）； 2．寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）； 4．变构酶（allosteric enzyme）； 5．同工酶（isozyme）； 6．活性中心（active center）；7. 竞争性抑制作用

第一节 遗传密码 • 概念 • 遗传密码的基本特性 第二节 tRNA 1、tRNA的结构 2、 tRNA的功能 3、 tRNA的种类 4、氨酰tRNA合成酶 第三节 核糖体 结构 自我组装 活性位点

第二节 原核生物RNA的转录 (RNA Transcription in prokaryots) 一、RNA聚合酶（全酶、核心酶） 二、启动子 三、转录起始 四、转录延伸 五、转录终止

自然辩证法是马克思主义哲学的一个分支学 科,是人们借以认识自然界和改造自然界的辩 证思维方式,是关于自然界和科学技术发展的 一般规律以及人们认识自然和改造自然的一般 方法的科学

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chaperones may be required for protein folding 8.3 Post-translational membrane insertion depends on leader sequences 8.4 A hierarchy of sequences determines location within organelles 8.5 Signal sequences initiate translocation 8.6 How do proteins enter and leave membranes? 8.7 Anchor signals are needed for membrane residence 8.8 Bacteria use both co-translational and post-translational translocation 8.9 Pores are used for nuclear ingress and egress 8.10 Protein degradation by proteasomes

第一章 绪论 Chapter 1 Introduction 第二章 基因和染色体 Chapter 2 DNA and Chromosomes 第三章 生物信息的传递(上)——From DNA to RNA Chapter 3 Transcription — From DNA to RNA 第四章 生物信息的传递(下)——From mRNA to Protein Chapter 4 Translation: From RNA to Protein

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Codon-anticodon recognition involves wobbling 7.3 tRNA contains modified bases that influence its pairing properties 7.4 (There are sporadic alterations of the universal code) 7.5 tRNAs are charged with amino acids by synthetases 7.6 Accuracy depends on proofreading 7.7 Suppressor tRNAs have mutated anticodons that read new codons 7.8 The accuracy of translation 7.9 tRNA may influence the reading frame

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Transfer RNA is the adapter 5.3 Messenger RNA is translated by ribosomes 5.4 The life cycle of bacterial messenger RNA 5.5 Translation of eukaryotic mRNA 5.6 The 5 end of eukaryotic mRNA is capped 5.7 The 3 terminus is polyadenylated 5.8 Bacterial mRNA degradation involves multiple enzymes

Gene clusters are formed by duplication and divergence Sequence divergence is the basis for the evolutionary clock Pseudogenes are dead ends of evolution Unequal crossing-over rearranges gene clusters Genes for rRNA form tandem repeats ( The repeated genes for rRNA maintain constant sequence) Crossover fixation could maintain identical repeats Satellite DNAs often lie in heterochromatin Arthropod satellites have very short identical repeats Mammalian satellites consist of hierarchical repeats Minisatellites are useful for genetic mapping

第一节 遗传密码 • 概念 • 遗传密码的基本特性 第二节 tRNA 1、tRNA的结构 2、tRNA的功能 3、tRNA的种类 4、氨酰tRNA合成酶 第三节 核糖体 结构 自我组装 活性位点