一、球菌(Coccus) 球形或近似圆球形,有的呈矛头状或肾 状,单个球菌的直径约在0.8~1.2m左 右。由于繁殖时细菌细胞分裂方向和分裂 后细菌排列方式不同可分为: 1.双球菌:在一个平面上分裂成双排列,如 肺炎双球菌、脑膜炎双球菌

一、微生物的概念: 存在于自然界中的一群形 体微小,结构简单,繁殖 快,分布广,易于分离培 养,肉眼看不见的最微小 生物,统称为微生物

血清学反应:抗原抗体在体外结合的反应,因 实施反应的某些重要因素是含抗体的动物血清 ,故名血清学反应。 血清学反应具有严格的特异性和较高的敏感性 ,因此可用抗原或抗体的已知一方检测未知的 另一方,作为传染病的辅助诊断和微生物的鉴 定

霉形体培养特性 一、营养要求比一般细菌高,除基础营养物质外还 需加入10~20%人或动物血清以提供支原体所 需的胆固醇。大多数兼性厌氧,有些菌株在初 分离时加入5%CO生长更好

1.掌握不同学科实验研究方法的特点和优势。 2.掌握如何根据实验研究的要求选择实验研究方法(包括一种或几种方法的要求) 3.了解各学科的主要实验研究方法

has declined become the se led only by heart di person in three in the that one in five will die spective, cancer cells ca ch ing particular a Cancerous melanoma cells. nized by the ir d cers Cancer: Origin and Terminology The final section des

realized that the immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. He termed this con- dition\horror autotoxicus \We now understand that while mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity In the 1960s, it was believed that all self-reactive lymphocytes

the early vaccination trials of Edward Jenner and oneering efforts, vac nce of diseases such ng cougl Vaccination with DN A Active and Passive Immunization Designing Vaccines for Active Immunization mWhole-Organism Vaccines Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines Recombinant-Vector Vaccines DNA Vaccines Multivalent Subunit Vaccines mmon usage. Experience has shown that not every vaccine

effector molecules that act to remove antigen b ren various mechanisms described in previous chap es antigen without A Second Exposure to Poison Oak May Result in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Gell and Coombs Classification IgE-Mediated (Type I) Hypersensitivity Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxic(Type) Hypersensitivity aImmune Complex-Mediated (Type Ill) Hypersensitivity

ne system assume different roles in pro- the host. The effectors of the humoral molecules f cells Big CTL Attacks Little Tumor Cell Effector Responses General Properties of Effector Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Natural Killer Cells Antibody-Dependent- Cell-Mediated- Cytotoxicity Experimental Assessment of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity