1.Genes can be mutated in many ways 2. Somatic versus germline mutations 3. Types of mutation effects

A. Historical background B. Phenotypes in populations C.Genes in populations D.Mapping disease genes E. Complex disorders

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1. Indications for prenatal diagnosis 2. Methods for obtaining fetal tissues for prenatal diagnosis 3. Analytical methods 4. New methods for prenatal diagnosis

A.The human genome and its chromosomes B. The origin of chromosome abnormalities C. Chromosome disorders

A. Historical Background B. Patterns of inheritance C. Genetic mutations D. Prenatal diagnosis

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Medical Genetics Mutations (changes) in the mitochondrial chromosome are responsible for a number of disorders

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