21.11 Aryl Halide and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 21.12 Spectroscopic Analysis of Phenols and Aryl Halides

Infrared Spectroscopy: An Instrumental Method for detecting Functional Groups

Substitution reactions occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. In a substitution, one replaces another

17.7 Lithium Enolates 17.8 α-Selenation: A Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 17.9 Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond

One complication associated with alkene hydration is the occurrence of arrangements

Acetylenic hydrogens can be deprotonated with relatively strong bases (sodium amide is typical)

If a chiral atom attached to the carbonyl group, the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition follows the Cram’s rule

The most characteristic reaction of aldehydes and ketones is nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond

Alcohols are compounds whose molecules have a hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon atom