8.1 Classification of Phase Transformations in Solids 8.2 Features of Phase Transformations in Solids 8.3 Thermodynamics for Phase Transformation in Solids 8.4 Kinetics for Phase Transformation in Solids

Textures in different layers of superconductors based on YBGO system are analyzed using the methods of pole figure and conventional Φ scans. It is shown that the Φ scanning technology has only 1-dimensional description and could omit some information of 3-dimensional orientation distribution, which will in-fluence the superconductor quality. The pole figure method, in contrast, demonstrates the orientation distribution 2-dimensionally and gives a comprehensive view of thin film texture, which is a much better method for texture analysis in superconducting films,in which there is commonly an unique high sharpness texture com-ponent

A mathematical model of kinetics of carbide layer formed on the surface of steel in fused system was set up with the theory of non-stable diffusion mass transfer and regular solution sub-lattice. This model was analyzed and testified by the experiments in which the VC layers were formed on four kinds of steels as steel 45, 4Cr5Mo-SiV1, T10, and Crl2MoV immersed in the V2O5-Na2O-B2O5 fused system with the reducing agent of silicon. The results showed that there was a good agreement between the model and the experimental results; the growth speed of carbide layer depended on the factors of carbon activity in substrate, treatment temperature, kinds of carbides and its structure

The status of forests: the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 ) emand has grown for a broad range of began in 1996. In that year, FAO convened an information on forests at the national and expert consultation in Kotka, Finland, where international levels. Reliable information on the some of the world's leading forest inventory status and trends o specialists provided technical advice on the scope decision-makers and implementation of FRA 2000 as well as on a orienting fores ch core set of forest-related definitions to be used in information is usef

In this lecture we will look at some applications of Newton's second law, expressed in the different coordinate systems that were introduced in lectures D3-D5. Recall that Newton's second law F=ma, (1) is a vector equation which is valid for inertial observers. In general, we will be interested in determining the motion of a particle given

Equilibrium between slag and molten iron at 1600℃ was investigated for the direct alloying of steel with Nb2O6-bearing slag. The activity of niobium oxide in the slag was measured. The αNb2O5 is in the range of 10-2-10-4. TheδNb2O5 is ranged in 100-10-2.Niobium partition decreases with the increase of[Si]% and CaO/SiO2. When α[0] and ΣFeO decrease, niobium partition decreases too. The δNb2o5 and the ratio of γsiO2 to γNb2O5 decrease with the incre-ase of slag basicity. The suitable thermodynamic conditions in direct alloying of steel with Nb2O5-bearing slag have been found

In lecture D2 we introduced the position velocity and acceleration vectors and referred them to a fixed cartesian coordinate system. While it is clear that the choice of coordinate system does not affect the final answer, we shall see that, in practical problems, the choice of a specific system may simplify the calculations considerably. In previous lectures, all the vectors at all points in the trajectory were expressed in the

The Baotou Iron Ore of China contains very high niobium. This paper reported the results through laboratory and practical experiments on niobium enrichment in blast furnace. The effect of temperature, constituents of slag and silicon content in hot metal on niobium recovery was studied and the results had been verified by blast furnace operation. According to the reaserch, a comprehensive extraction process that extraction combines with ore dressing and with pyro--hydro-metallurgy should be adopted for Baotou niobium resource which is difficult to concentrating. The methods of increase in niobium recovey were also suggested in this paper

采用同时平衡和质量守恒原理对全液相常温常压法制备CuInSe2(CIS)粉体过程中Cu+-In3+-Se2--NH3-L2--Cl--H2O体系的热力学平衡进行分析,并绘制一系列的浓度对数lgc-pH值曲线.依据平衡图,发现溶液中[NH3]T的变化主要影响溶液中[Cu+]T在体系中的浓度变化,[L2-]T的变化主要影响的是体系中[In3+]T的浓度变化,而[Cl-]T的变化对[Cu+]T和[In3+]T的浓度变化均有影响,并可发现在pH7.0~8.5时沉淀率最高.依据Cu+-In3+-Se2--NH3-L2--Cl--H2O体系的同时平衡和质量守恒原理,采用全液相常温常压法,在pH7.0~8.5条件下制备出粒径在20~50nm且基本符合标准化学计量比的CIS纳米粉体

leat for industrial processing is usually frozen in the form of carcasses, quarters or boned out primals in 25 kg cartons. Most bulk meat, consumer portions and meat products are frozen in air blast freezers. Some small ind viduals items, for example beefburgers, may be frozen in cryogenic tunnels and a small amount of offal and other meat is frozen in plate freezers. It is not unusual for meat to be frozen twice before it reaches the consumer During industrial processing frozen raw material is often thawed or tem-