Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, w, mathematical description of size, shape, orientation Amplitude may be positive or negative Node: amplitude is zero

To determine reaction''s mechanism, look at: Equilibrium constant Free energy change Enthalpy Entropy Bond dissociation energy Kinetics >Activation energy

Classes of Halides Alkyl: Halogen, X, is directly bonded to sp3 carbon. Vinyl: X is bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene. Aryl: is bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring. Examples:

Reactivity of C=C C—C Electrons in pi bond are loosely held Electrophiles are attracted to the pi electrons. · Carbocation intermediate forms. Nucleophile adds to the carbocation. · Net result is addition to the double bond

Classification Primary: carbon with -OH is bonded to one other carbon. Secondary: carbon with-OH is bonded to two other carbons. · Tertiary: carbon with-OH is bonded to three other carbons. Aromatic(phenol): -OH is bonded to a benzene ring

Spectroscopy is an analytical technique which helps determine structure. It destroys little or no sample. The amount of light absorbed by the sample is measured as wavelength is varied

Introduction Formula R-O-R where R is alkyl or aryl. Symmetrical or unsymmetrical Examples:

Discovery of Benzene Isolated in 1825 by Michael Faraday who determined C: H ratio to be 1: 1. Synthesized in 1834 by Eilhard Mitscherlich who determined molecular formula to be C6H6

第一章资源及其配置 经济学研究的核心问题就是资源如何实现 合理而有效的配置,它不仅是一个技术问题, 更重要的是一个社会组织或资源配置的社会经 济形式问题

第十一章建立与市场经济相 适应的社会保障体系社会保障体系是经济发展、社会安定和有序运行的基本条件