Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, w, mathematical description of size, shape, orientation Amplitude may be positive or negative Node: amplitude is zero
To determine reaction''s mechanism, look at: Equilibrium constant Free energy change Enthalpy Entropy Bond dissociation energy Kinetics >Activation energy
Classes of Halides Alkyl: Halogen, X, is directly bonded to sp3 carbon. Vinyl: X is bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene. Aryl: is bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring. Examples:
Reactivity of C=C C—C Electrons in pi bond are loosely held Electrophiles are attracted to the pi electrons. · Carbocation intermediate forms. Nucleophile adds to the carbocation. · Net result is addition to the double bond