Structure Describing technologies Production set or technology set Production function Isoquant Marginal product Returns to scale Technical rate of substitution Well-behaved technologies Long run and short run

Structure Money equivalent of utility gains totrade Consumer’s surplus Changes in consumer’s surplus Compensating and equivalentvariations Producer’s surplus

Structure Present and future values Intertemporal budget constraint Preferences for intertemporal consumption Intertemporal choice Comparative statics Valuing securities

1日语学习能力。(听、说、读、写、译的能力培养) 2日本概况知识的了解与掌握。(日本地理、历史、政治、经济、社会、文化等。)

1 市场经济中的蛛网模型 2 减肥计划——节食与运动 3 差分形式的阻滞增长模型 4 按年龄分组的种群增长

Structure Market equilibrium Quantity tax and equilibrium Tax incidence （税收分担） Deadweight loss （额外净损失）

Structure From Individual to Market DemandFunctions Elasticities Revenue and own-price elasticity ofdemand Marginal revenue and price elasticity

Structure Economic profit Short-run profit maximization –Comparative statics Long-run profit maximization Profit maximization and returns to scale Revealed profit maximization

Properties of Demand Functions Comparative statics analysis （比较 静态分析）of ordinary demand functions -- the study of how ordinary demands x1

Structure Rational constrained choice Computing ordinary demands – Interior solution （内在解） –Corner solution （角点解） – “Kinky” solution Example: Choosing taxes