Thawing has received much less attention in the literature than either chill- ing or freezing. In commercial practice there are relatively few controlled thawing systems. Frozen meat, as supplied to the industry, ranges in size and shape from complete hindquarters of beef to small breasts of lamb, although the major- ity of the material is 'boned-out' and packed in boxes ca. 15 cm thick weigh- ing between 20 and 40kg. Thawing is usually regarded as complete when the centre of the block or joint has

leat for industrial processing is usually frozen in the form of carcasses, quarters or boned out primals in 25 kg cartons. Most bulk meat, consumer portions and meat products are frozen in air blast freezers. Some small ind viduals items, for example beefburgers, may be frozen in cryogenic tunnels and a small amount of offal and other meat is frozen in plate freezers. It is not unusual for meat to be frozen twice before it reaches the consumer During industrial processing frozen raw material is often thawed or tem-

Meat is chilled immediately after slaughter. Most of the subsequent opera- tions in the cold chain are designed to maintain the temperature of the meat Cooking is a very common operation in the production of many meat products and operators appreciate the importance of rapidly cooling the cooked product. However, any handling such as cutting, mixing or tumbling will add heat to the meat and increase its temperature. A secondary cooling

In specifying refrigeration equipment the function of the equipment must be absolutely clear. Refrigeration equipment is always used to control tem- perature. Either the meat passing through the process is to be maintained it its initial temperature, for example as in a refrigerated store or a packing operation, or the temperature of the meat is to be reduced, for example in a blast freezer. These two functions

Microbiology of refrigerated meat There are many pertinent texts on the microbiology of meats. The purpose of this chapter is to examine briefly the types of micro-organisms and con- ditions that are of interest in relation to the refrigeration of meat and meat products. In a perfect world, meat would be completely free of pathogenic(food poisoning

1.低温系统与常规空调系统的比较 低温送风空调是随着冰蓄冷技术的发展而兴起的,而冰蓄冷技术的发展是随着人们生 活水平的提高、用电峰谷差愈来愈大而发展起来的。低温冷冻水具有相对大的冷量,在输 送中可以减小管道的尺寸,减少泵的电耗。在空气处理设备中,由于低温水的送人,可减 小空气处理设备的尺寸,同样也可减少风机电动机的电耗。因此,低温送风空调愈来愈引 起人们的重视

第一节 概述 一、概念 二、冷、热疗法的效应 三、影响冷、热疗法效果的因素 第二节 冷、热疗法的应用

1冷热疗法的影响因素、禁忌症及各种冷热疗法 2.常用的各种冷热疗法

第一节冷凝器的种类和工作原理 制冷凝器将制冷剂气体冷却液化,以便循环使用

高温长时间工作的风洞喷管需要冷却,这需要在喷管上开冷却通道槽.本文采用冷却效率较好的矩形冷却通道,研究喷管冷却的影响因素.文中建立喷管冷却结构三维模型,详细分析喷管的传热类型同时考虑辐射换热,基于简单准确原则对计算三维模型作一系列简化假设,最后采用CFD技术进行数值模拟.了解冷却通道高宽比对喷管冷却的影响规律,指出考虑和不考虑辐射换热喷管冷却效果的差别,同时明确气流总温对冷却效果的影响程度并提出改善措施