时间序列数据或截面数据都是一维数据。例如时间序列数据是变量按时间得到的数据；截面数据是变量在截面空间上的数据。面板数据是同时在时间和截面上取得的二维数据。所以，面板数据（panel data）也称时间序列截面数据（time series and cross section data）或混合数据（pool data）

【Definition】An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a data type that is organized in such a way that the specification on the objects and specification of the operations on the objects are separated from the representation of the objects and the implementation on the operations

Procedural paradigm: Software is organized around the notion of procedures Procedural abstraction —Works as long as the data is simple Adding data abstractions —Groups together the pieces of data that describe some entity

Data Acquisition System Considerations Multiplexing Filtering Considerations for Data Acquisition Systems SHA and ADC Settling Time Requirements in Multiplexed Applications Complete Data Acquisition Systems on a Chip Multiplexing into Sigma-Delta ADCs Simultaneous Sampling Systems

1 Storage devices Existing devices Hierarchical storage 2 Distributed storage Data distribution Data federation 3 Parallelizing files’ storage Striping Introduction to Map/Reduce 4 Conclusion

Introduction A primary goal of your efforts in this course will be to gather empirical data so as to prove(or disprove) your hypothesis Typically the data that you gather will not directly satisfy this goal Rather, it will be necessary to \reduce\the data. to put it into an appropriate form, so that you can

Experiment Step Experiment produces \raw data? In measured units(volts, seconds, Ibs, .... Organization determined by recording method (notebook, tabular form, database,....) · Take data early to check-out- experiment Do some \quick data reduction/analysis\ during

15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2 COMMON DATA-ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY 15.3 EXPLORING RELATIONSHIPS 1 15.4 WORKING WITH SAMPLE DATA 15.5 THE INITIAL DATA ANALYSIS AND MINITAB 15.6 SUMMARY

The Data of macroeconomics It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to fit facts. Sherlock holmes Scientists, economists, and detectives have much in common: they all want to figure out what's going on in the world around them. To do this, they rely on both theory and observation. They build theories in an attempt to make sense of what they see happening. They then turn to more systematic observation to eval- uate the theories validity. Only when theory and evidence come into line do they feel they understand the situation

◼ Pattern Mining: A Road Map ◼ Pattern Mining in Multi-Level, Multi-Dimensional Space ◼ Constraint-Based Frequent Pattern Mining ◼ Mining High-Dimensional Data and Colossal Patterns ◼ Mining Compressed or Approximate Patterns ◼ Pattern Exploration and Application ◼ Summary