Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition involving a variety of cells including eosinophils, mast cells, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells of the airway, as well as cellular elements， which gives rise to the increase of airway hyper-reactivity. Extensive changeable and reversible ventilation restriction is common and can cause recurrent tachypnea, feeling of out of breath, and coughing

Endocrinology (1) Roughly a hundred years ago, Starling coined the term hormone to describe secretin, a substance secreted by the small intestine into the blood stream to stimulate pancreatic secretion. In his Croonian Lectures, Starling considered the endo￾crine and nervous systems as two distinct mechanisms for coordination and control of organ function

What is critical care medicine？ Multidisciplinary healthcare specialty cares for patients with acute, life￾threatening illness or injury which including continuum of life support from the scene through discharge Coordinated care systems, analysis of treatment options, protocols, guidelines for the care of individual patients

定义：由于炎症、粘液样变性、退行性改变、 先天性畸形、缺血性坏死、创伤、结缔组织疾 病等原因引起的单个或多个瓣膜结构（包括瓣 叶、瓣环、腱索或乳头肌）的功能或结构异常， 导致瓣口狭窄或关闭不全为主要临床表现的一 组心脏病

心（血管）内膜（瓣膜）感染 急性 (AIE)：毒力强，病程短，中毒症状明显 亚急性（SIE, SBE)：毒力低，病程长 自体瓣膜感染：native valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜感染：prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) 右心瓣膜感染性心内膜炎 right heart valve endocarditis: drug abuse, AIDS, catheterization

一、吸烟 大于80% 的肺癌发病与吸烟有关 死亡相对危险度较不吸烟者高15-20倍 二、被动吸烟 25% 的不吸烟者肺癌与其有关

Summarization Definition: serum total bilirubin (STB) > 34µmol/L, causing a yellow color of skin, sclera and tissue fluid Latent icterus: an increase of STB but not more than 34µmol/L, without color changes of skin and sclera False jaundice: yellow skin and sclera but without hyperbilirubinemia, due to ingestion of some drugs and foods

DEFINITION An acute inflammatory process of the pan￾creas usually associated with sever pain in the upper abdomen in most instances, blood levels of pancrea￾tic enzymes are increased sever acute pancreatitis: organs failure and/or local complications(necrosis, absc￾ess, psuedocyst)

病因 一、风心病 单纯主动脉瓣狭窄极少见，多合并主动脉瓣关闭不全和二尖瓣病变 二、先天性畸形 单叶、二叶、三叶（大小不一） 三、退行性老年钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄 65岁以上单纯性主动脉瓣狭窄常见原因 四、其他少见原因 赘生物阻塞瓣口

血尿基本定义 一、正常人尿液中无红细胞或偶见个别红细胞 二、血尿:尿液离心沉淀后尿RBC>3HP,或尿沉渣(Addi’s)计数12小时尿RBC>50万或1小时>10万镜下血尿(microhematuria):尿色正常须经显微镜检查方能确定