3.3 外消旋体的拆分 3.4 外消旋化与差向异构化 3.5 有机反应中的立体化学 Stereochemistry of Reactions

Carbonyl compounds are a broad group of compounds that includes aldehydes, ketones,carboxylic acids, and esters

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids

The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character of the carbon-metal bond. RLi and RMgX are of great importance in organic synthesis

A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain two double bonds is called an alkadiene(alkatriene for three double bonds); A hydrocarbon with two triple bonds is called an alkadiyne; A hydrocarbon with a double and triple bond is called an alkenyne

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

A ring that contains at least one heteroatom (an atom other than carbon) is called a heterocycle, and a substance based on a heterocyclic ring is a heterocyclic compound. Heterocyclic compounds containing N, O or S are by far the most common

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge

Aldehydes are named by replacing the terminal –e of the corresponding alkane name with –al. The longest chain selected as the base name must contain the –CHO group, and the –CHO carbon is always numbered as carbon 1

Quinones are an interesting and valuable class of compounds because of their oxidation-reduction, or redox, properties. The redox properties of quinones are important to the functioning of living cells, where compounds called ubiquinones(泛醌) act as biochemical oxidizing agents to mediate the electro-transfer processes involved in energy production